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Taxon:  Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.



Summary
Genus:
Eleusine
Family:
Poaceae (alt. Gramineae)
Subfamily:
Chloridoideae
Tribe:
Cynodonteae
Subtribe:
Eleusininae
Nomen number:
14997
Place of publication:
Fruct. sem. pl. 1:8. 1788
Verified:
11/29/2011 ARS Systematic Botanists.
Accessions:
4 (0  active, 0  available) in National Plant Germplasm System.  (Map it)
Other conspecific taxa
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Basionym
Cynosurus indicus L.

Autonym(s)
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. subsp. indica
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. var. indica

Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Eleusine japonica Steud.
No images


Reference(s)
  1. Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. et al. 1996. Flora of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 78:1-581.
  2. Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica
  3. Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource) www.skud.info
  4. Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand. URL: http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx
  5. Bor, N. L. 1960. The grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India, and Pakistan.
  6. Boulos, L. & M. N. El-Hadidi. 1984. The weeds of Egypt.
  7. Boulos, L. 1999-. Flora of Egypt
  8. Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
  9. CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. Documenta CIBA-GEIGY (Grass weeds 1. 1980, 2. 1981; Monocot weeds 3. 1982; Dicot weeds 1. 1988) Note: four books on weeds worldwide in scope
  10. Correll, D. S. & H. B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama archipelago.
  11. Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
  12. Dyer, R. A. et al., eds. 1963-. Flora of southern Africa.
  13. Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource). URL: http://www.emplantbase.org/home.html
  14. Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca. URL: http://www.kew.org/efloras/namesearch.do
  15. FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America. URL: http://floranorthamerica.org/
  16. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource). URL: http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropListDetails?code=&relation=beginsWith&name=Eleusine+indica&quantity=1
  17. Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource). URL: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/
  18. Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14
  19. Ghazanfar, S. A. 1992. An annotated catalogue of the vascular plants of Oman. Scripta Botanica Belgica 2
  20. Gibbs-Russell, G. E. et al. 1990. Grasses of southern Africa. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa vol. 58 Note: = Eleusine indica subsp. indica
  21. Görts-van Rijn, A. R. A., ed. 1986-. Flora of the Guianas.
  22. Grierson, A. J. C. & D. J. Long. 1984-. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim.
  23. Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
  24. Hara, H. et al. 1978-1982. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal.
  25. Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
  26. Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208. URL: http://link.springer.com/journal/volumesAndIssues/12231
  27. Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds
  28. Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
  29. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource). URL: http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
  30. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares. URL: http://www2.darwin.edu.ar/Proyectos/FloraArgentina/FA.asp
  31. Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
  32. Koyama, T. 1987. Grasses of Japan and its neighboring regions
  33. Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
  34. Lazarides, M. 1980. The tropical grasses of Southeast Asia
  35. León (J. S. Sauget) & Alain (E. E. Liogier). 1946-1969. Flora de Cuba
  36. Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis, ed. 2.
  37. Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
  38. Neves, S. S. et al. 2005. Phylogeny of Eleusine (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) based on nuclear ITS and plastid trnT-trnF sequences. Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. 35:395-419. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/10557903 Note: it confirms Eleusine indica "as the maternal A genome donor" of finger millet
  39. Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-mer. 1969. Graminees des paturages et des cultures a Madagascar.
  40. Peterson, P. M. et al. 2015. A molecular phylogeny and classification of the Eleusininae with a new genus, Micrachne (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Cynodonteae). Taxon 64:445-467. URL: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax
  41. Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource). URL: http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Frontpage.html
  42. Proctor, G. R. 1984. Flora of the Cayman Islands. Kew Bulletin Additional Series XI.
  43. Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
  44. Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
  45. Releford, J. S. et al. 2009. Flora of Rongelap and Ailinginae Atolls, Republic of the Marshalls Islands. Atoll Res. Bull. 572:1-13.
  46. Renvoize, S. A. 1998. Gramineas de Bolivia
  47. Shukla, U. 1996. Grasses of north-eastern India
  48. Skvortsov, A. K., ed. 2006. Flora of the Lower Volga region 1:179.
  49. Smith, A. C. 1979-1991. Flora vitiensis nova.
  50. Steyermark, J. A. et al., eds. 1995-. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. Note: Missouri Botanical Garden & Timber Press
  51. Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
  52. Veldkamp, J. F. 1997. pers. comm. Note: re. common names
  53. Vibrans, H., ed. Malezas de México (on-line resource). URL: http://www.conabio.gob.mx/malezasdemexico/poaceae/eleusine-indica/fichas/pagina1.htm
  54. Wagner, W. L. et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i
  55. Wood, J. R. I. 1997. A handbook of the Yemen flora.
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  57. 2018. Mid-Atlantic invasive plant species (on-line resource)
Common names
English
crabgrass –
crowfoot grass –
goose grass –
wire grass –
yard grass –
Arabic
nageil –
French
eleusine des Indes –
eleusine d'Inde –
pied de poule –
Portuguese (Brazil)
capim-da-cidade –
capim-de-burro –
capim-pé-de-galinha –
grama-de-coradouro –
grama-sapo –
Spanish
grama de caballo –
Swedish
gåshirs –
Distribution
order_codeStatusContinentSubcontinentCountryStateNote
1NativeAfricaEast Tropical AfricaKenya  
1NativeAfricaEast Tropical AfricaTanzania  
1NativeAfricaEast Tropical AfricaUganda  
1NativeAfricaNortheast Tropical AfricaEthiopia  
1NativeAfricaNortheast Tropical AfricaSudan s.
1NativeAfricaNorthern AfricaEgypt  
1NativeAfricaSouth Tropical AfricaAngola  
1NativeAfricaSouth Tropical AfricaMalawi  
1NativeAfricaSouth Tropical AfricaMozambique  
1NativeAfricaSouth Tropical AfricaZambia  
1NativeAfricaSouth Tropical AfricaZimbabwe  
1NativeAfricaSouthern AfricaBotswana  
1NativeAfricaSouthern AfricaEswatini  
1NativeAfricaSouthern AfricaNamibia  
1NativeAfricaSouthern AfricaSouth AfricaEastern Cape 
1NativeAfricaSouthern AfricaSouth AfricaKwaZulu-Natal 
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaBenin  
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaBurkina Faso  
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaCôte D'Ivoire  
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaGambia  
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaGhana  
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaGuinea  
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaGuinea-Bissau  
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaLiberia  
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaNigeria  
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaSenegal  
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaSierra Leone  
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaTogo  
1NativeAfricaWest-Central Tropical AfricaBurundi  
1NativeAfricaWest-Central Tropical AfricaCameroon  
1NativeAfricaWest-Central Tropical AfricaCongo  
1NativeAfricaWest-Central Tropical AfricaDemocratic Republic of the Congo  
1NativeAfricaWest-Central Tropical AfricaEquatorial Guinea  
1NativeAfricaWest-Central Tropical AfricaRwanda  
1NativeAfricaWestern Indian OceanMadagascar  
1NativeAsia-TemperateArabian PeninsulaOman  
1NativeAsia-TemperateArabian PeninsulaYemen  
1NativeAsia-TemperateChinaChina  
1NativeAsia-TemperateEastern AsiaJapan  
1NativeAsia-TemperateEastern AsiaKorea  
1NativeAsia-TemperateEastern AsiaTaiwan  
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentBhutan  
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentIndia  
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentNepal  
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentPakistan  
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndo-ChinaIndiaAndaman and Nicobar Islands 
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndo-ChinaIndochina  
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndo-ChinaMyanmar  
3AdventiveEuropeEastern EuropeRussian FederationVolgograd 
3AdventiveEuropeMiddle EuropeBelgium  
3AdventiveEuropeNorthern EuropeNorway  
4NaturalizedAfricaMacaronesiaPortugalAzores 
4NaturalizedAfricaMacaronesiaPortugalMadeira Islands 
4NaturalizedAfricaMacaronesiaSpainCanary Islands 
4NaturalizedAfricaNorthern AfricaAlgeria  
4NaturalizedAfricaNorthern AfricaLibya  
4NaturalizedAfricaNorthern AfricaMorocco  
4NaturalizedAfricaWestern Indian OceanMauritius  
4NaturalizedAfricaWestern Indian OceanSeychelles  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateCaucasusArmenia  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateCaucasusAzerbaijan  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateCaucasusGeorgia  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaEgyptSinai 
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaIran  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaTurkey  
4NaturalizedAsia-TropicalMalesiaIndonesia  
4NaturalizedAsia-TropicalMalesiaMalaysia  
4NaturalizedAsia-TropicalMalesiaPhilippines  
4NaturalizedAsia-TropicalPapuasiaPapua New Guinea  
4NaturalizedAustralasiaAustraliaAustralia  
4NaturalizedAustralasiaNew ZealandNew Zealand  
4NaturalizedEuropeEastern EuropeUkraine  
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropeAustria  
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropeCzech Republic  
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropeGermany  
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropeHungary  
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropeNetherlands  
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropeSwitzerland  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeAlbania  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeBulgaria  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeCroatia  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeGreece incl. Crete
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeItaly incl. Sardinia, Sicily
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeRomania  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeSerbia  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeSlovenia  
4NaturalizedEuropeSouthwestern EuropeFrance incl. Corsica
4NaturalizedEuropeSouthwestern EuropePortugal  
4NaturalizedEuropeSouthwestern EuropeSpain  
4NaturalizedNorthern America Mexico  
4NaturalizedNorthern America United States  
4NaturalizedPacificNorth-Central PacificUnited StatesHawaii 
4NaturalizedPacificNorthwestern PacificMarshall Islands  
4NaturalizedPacificNorthwestern PacificMicronesia  
4NaturalizedPacificNorthwestern PacificPalau  
4NaturalizedPacificNorthwestern PacificUnited StatesGuam 
4NaturalizedPacificNorthwestern PacificUnited StatesNorthern Mariana Islands 
4NaturalizedPacificSouth-Central PacificCook Islands  
4NaturalizedPacificSouth-Central PacificFrench Polynesia  
4NaturalizedPacificSouth-Central PacificPitcairn  
4NaturalizedPacificSouthwestern PacificFiji  
4NaturalizedPacificSouthwestern PacificNauru  
4NaturalizedPacificSouthwestern PacificNew Caledonia  
4NaturalizedPacificSouthwestern PacificNiue  
4NaturalizedPacificSouthwestern PacificSamoa  
4NaturalizedPacificSouthwestern PacificTonga  
4NaturalizedPacificSouthwestern PacificUnited StatesAmerican Samoa 
4NaturalizedPacificSouthwestern PacificWallis and Futuna Islands  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaBrazilBrazil  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanAnguilla  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanAntigua and Barbuda  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanBahamas  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanBarbados  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanCayman Islands  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanCuba  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanDominica  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanGrenada  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanGuadeloupe  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanJamaica  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanMartinique  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanMontserrat  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanNetherlands Antilles  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanSt. Kitts and Nevis  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanSt. Lucia  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanSt. Vincent and Grenadines  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanUnited StatesPuerto Rico 
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanUnited StatesVirgin Islands, U.S. 
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanVirgin Islands (British)  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCentral AmericaBelize  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCentral AmericaCosta Rica  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCentral AmericaEl Salvador  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCentral AmericaGuatemala  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCentral AmericaHonduras  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCentral AmericaNicaragua  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCentral AmericaPanama  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaNorthern South AmericaFrench Guiana  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaNorthern South AmericaGuyana  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaNorthern South AmericaSuriname  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaNorthern South AmericaVenezuela  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaArgentina  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaChileEaster Island 
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaParaguay  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaUruguay  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaBolivia  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaColombia  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaEcuador  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaPeru  
6Other    exact native range in paleotropics obscure
Native
Africa
  • NORTHERN AFRICA: Egypt
  • NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Ethiopia, Sudan (s.)
  • EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
  • WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA: Burundi, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Rwanda
  • WEST TROPICAL AFRICA: Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte D'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo
  • SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Angola, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe
  • SOUTHERN AFRICA: Botswana, Namibia, Eswatini, South Africa [KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape]
  • WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Madagascar
Asia-Temperate
  • ARABIAN PENINSULA: Oman, Yemen
  • CHINA: China
  • EASTERN ASIA: Korea, Japan, Taiwan
Asia-Tropical
  • INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan
  • INDO-CHINA: Indochina, India [Andaman and Nicobar Islands], Myanmar
Adventive
Europe
  • NORTHERN EUROPE: Norway
  • MIDDLE EUROPE: Belgium
  • EASTERN EUROPE: Russian Federation [Volgograd]
Naturalized
Africa
  • MACARONESIA: Spain [Canary Islands], Portugal [Azores, Madeira Islands]
  • NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria, Libya, Morocco
  • WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Mauritius, Seychelles
Asia-Temperate
  • WESTERN ASIA: Egypt [Sinai], Iran, Turkey
  • CAUCASUS: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia
Asia-Tropical
  • PAPUASIA: Papua New Guinea
  • MALESIA: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines
Australasia
  • AUSTRALIA: Australia
  • NEW ZEALAND: New Zealand
Europe
  • MIDDLE EUROPE: Austria, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands
  • EASTERN EUROPE: Ukraine
  • SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece (incl. Crete), Croatia, Italy (incl. Sardinia, Sicily), Romania, Serbia, Slovenia
  • SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain, France (incl. Corsica), Portugal
Northern America
  • REGION: Mexico, United States
Pacific
  • NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: United States [Hawaii]
  • NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Palau, United States [Guam, Northern Mariana Islands]
  • SOUTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: Cook Islands, Pitcairn, French Polynesia
  • SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Fiji, New Caledonia, Niue, Nauru, Tonga, United States [American Samoa], Wallis and Futuna Islands, Samoa
Southern America
  • CARIBBEAN: Anguilla, Netherlands Antilles, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Montserrat, Martinique, United States [Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, U.S.], St. Vincent and Grenadines, Virgin Islands (British)
  • CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador
  • NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela
  • BRAZIL: Brazil
  • WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
  • SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Chile [Easter Island], Paraguay, Uruguay
Other (exact native range in paleotropics obscure)
Economic Uses
UsageTypeNoteReference
Vertebrate poisonsmammals Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
Weedpotential seed contaminant CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. Documenta CIBA-GEIGY (Grass weeds 1. 1980, 2. 1981; Monocot weeds 3. 1982; Dicot weeds 1. 1988) Note: four books on weeds worldwide in scope


ILRI Germplasm Policy (excerpts)

The International Livestock research Institute (ILRI) maintains a collection of forage germplasm as a global public good. The material was acquired prior to the entry into force of the Convention on Biological Diversity; or if it was acquired after the entering into force of the Convention on Biological Diversity, it was obtained with the understanding that it was held in trust and could be made available for any agricultural research, breeding and training purposes under the terms and conditions set out in the agreement between the ILRI and FAO dated 26 October 1994. On 16 October 2006, ILRI signed an agreement with the Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (the Treaty) placing these in trust collections of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) within the purview of the Treaty.

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The material is held in trust and the recipient has no rights to obtain Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) on the material or related information. The recipient may utilize and conserve the material for research, breeding and training and may distribute it to other parties provided such parties accept the terms and conditions of the SMTA .

ILRI will provide forage seeds in small experimental quantities of between 1 and 20 grams without charge from the germplasm collection under the SMTA as appropriate for the crop as part of its policy of maximizing the utilization of material for research, breeding and training. Larger quantities sufficient to sow up to one quarter of a hectare of a limited number of promising accessions will require that requesters cover the costs of production and shipping.

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