Taxon:
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.
Summary
Place of publication:
Syst. veg. 2:836. 1817
Verified:
05/20/1992
ARS Systematic Botanists.
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Reference(s)
- Alderson, J. & W. C. Sharp. 1995. Grass varieties in the United States, U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 170, rev. ed. CRC Press. Note: Revised version of AH 170
- Beetle, A. A. 1977. Noteworthy grasses from Mexico V. Phytologia 37:356. URL: http://www.phytologia.org/
- Bor, N. L. 1960. The grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India, and Pakistan.
- Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
- Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
- Englert, J. M. et al. 1999-. USDA-NRCS Improved conservation plant materials released by NRCS and cooperators
- Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource). URL: http://www.emplantbase.org/home.html
- FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America. URL: http://floranorthamerica.org/
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource). URL: http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropListDetails?code=&relation=beginsWith&name=Heteropogon+contortus&quantity=1
- Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
- Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource). URL: http://www.anbg.gov.au/common.names/
- Lazarides, M. 1980. The tropical grasses of Southeast Asia
- Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
- McVaugh, R. 1983-. Flora Novo-Galiciana.
- Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
- Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
- Shukla, U. 1996. Grasses of north-eastern India
- 't Mannetje, L. & R. M. Jones, eds. 1992. Forages. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 4:137. URL: http://proseanet.org
- Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
- USDA/ARS. INVADERS database system. The University of Montana (on-line resource). URL: http://invader.dbs.umt.edu/Noxious_Weeds/
- Veldkamp, J. F. 1997. pers. comm. Note: re. common names
- Vibrans, H., ed. Malezas de México (on-line resource). URL: http://www.conabio.gob.mx/malezasdemexico/poaceae/heteropogon-contortus/fichas/pagina1.htm
- Wagner, W. L. et al. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands (on-line resource). URL: http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora/query2.cfm
- Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). URL: http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2
- Zon, A. P. M. van der. 1992. Graminées du Cameroun
- Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
- PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource). URL: http://www.prota4u.info/
Common names
English
black spear grass – bunch spear grass – bunched spear grass – spear grass – tangle grass – tanglehead – Afrikaans
assegaaigras – steekgras – French
herbe à moutons – herbe barbue – herbe polisson – German
Speergras – Portuguese
flechinha – Spanish
hierba torcida – Transcribed Chinese
huang mao –
Distribution
order_code | Status | Continent | Subcontinent | Country | State | Note |
1 | Native | Africa | East Tropical Africa | Kenya | | |
1 | Native | Africa | East Tropical Africa | Tanzania | | |
1 | Native | Africa | East Tropical Africa | Uganda | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Macaronesia | Cabo Verde | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northeast Tropical Africa | Chad | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northeast Tropical Africa | Eritrea | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northeast Tropical Africa | Ethiopia | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northeast Tropical Africa | Somalia | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northeast Tropical Africa | Sudan | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Algeria | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Libya | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Morocco | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Tunisia | | |
1 | Native | Africa | South Tropical Africa | Angola | | |
1 | Native | Africa | South Tropical Africa | Mozambique | | |
1 | Native | Africa | South Tropical Africa | Zambia | | |
1 | Native | Africa | South Tropical Africa | Zimbabwe | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Southern Africa | South Africa | | |
1 | Native | Africa | West Tropical Africa | Benin | | |
1 | Native | Africa | West Tropical Africa | Côte D'Ivoire | | |
1 | Native | Africa | West Tropical Africa | Ghana | | |
1 | Native | Africa | West Tropical Africa | Guinea | | |
1 | Native | Africa | West Tropical Africa | Liberia | | |
1 | Native | Africa | West Tropical Africa | Mali | | |
1 | Native | Africa | West Tropical Africa | Mauritania | | |
1 | Native | Africa | West Tropical Africa | Niger | | |
1 | Native | Africa | West Tropical Africa | Nigeria | | |
1 | Native | Africa | West Tropical Africa | Senegal | | |
1 | Native | Africa | West Tropical Africa | Sierra Leone | | |
1 | Native | Africa | West Tropical Africa | Togo | | |
1 | Native | Africa | West-Central Tropical Africa | Cameroon | | |
1 | Native | Africa | West-Central Tropical Africa | Central African Republic | | |
1 | Native | Africa | West-Central Tropical Africa | Congo | | |
1 | Native | Africa | West-Central Tropical Africa | Democratic Republic of the Congo | | |
1 | Native | Africa | West-Central Tropical Africa | Gabon | | |
1 | Native | Africa | West-Central Tropical Africa | Rwanda | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Fujian Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Gansu Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Guangdong Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Guizhou Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Hainan Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Henan Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Hubei Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Hunan Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Jiangxi Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Shaanxi Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Sichuan Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Xizang Zizhiqu | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Yunnan Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Zhejiang Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Eastern Asia | Taiwan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Lebanon | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Syria | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indian Subcontinent | India | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indian Subcontinent | Sri Lanka | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indo-China | Myanmar | | |
1 | Native | Australasia | Australia | Australia | New South Wales | |
1 | Native | Australasia | Australia | Australia | Northern Territory | |
1 | Native | Australasia | Australia | Australia | Queensland | |
1 | Native | Australasia | Australia | Australia | Western Australia | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Albania | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Croatia | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Italy | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Montenegro | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southwestern Europe | France | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southwestern Europe | Spain | | |
2 | Cultivated | | | | | also cult. |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Northern Mexico | Mexico | Baja | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Northern Mexico | Mexico | Chihuahua | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Northern Mexico | Mexico | Coahuila de Zaragoza | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Northern Mexico | Mexico | Durango | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Northern Mexico | Mexico | Nuevo León | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Northern Mexico | Mexico | San Luis Potosí | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Northern Mexico | Mexico | Sonora | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Northern Mexico | Mexico | Tamaulipas | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | South-Central U.S.A. | United States | New Mexico | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | South-Central U.S.A. | United States | Texas | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | Florida | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Southern Mexico | Mexico | Aguascalientes | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Southern Mexico | Mexico | Chiapas | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Southern Mexico | Mexico | Ciudad de México | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Southern Mexico | Mexico | Colima | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Southern Mexico | Mexico | Guanajuato | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Southern Mexico | Mexico | Guerrero | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Southern Mexico | Mexico | Jalisco | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Southern Mexico | Mexico | México | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Southern Mexico | Mexico | Michoacán de Ocampo | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Southern Mexico | Mexico | Morelos | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Southern Mexico | Mexico | Nayarit | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Southern Mexico | Mexico | Oaxaca | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Southern Mexico | Mexico | Puebla | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Southern Mexico | Mexico | Querétaro | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Southern Mexico | Mexico | Tabasco | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Southern Mexico | Mexico | Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Southern Mexico | Mexico | Yucatán | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Southwestern U.S.A. | United States | Arizona | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | Southwestern U.S.A. | United States | California | s. |
4 | Naturalized | Pacific | North-Central Pacific | United States | Hawaii | |
4 | Naturalized | Southern America | Caribbean | West Indies | | |
4 | Naturalized | Southern America | Central America | Belize | | |
4 | Naturalized | Southern America | Central America | El Salvador | | |
4 | Naturalized | Southern America | Central America | Guatemala | | |
4 | Naturalized | Southern America | Central America | Honduras | | |
4 | Naturalized | Southern America | Central America | Nicaragua | | |
4 | Naturalized | Southern America | Southern South America | Argentina | | |
4 | Naturalized | Southern America | Western South America | Bolivia | | |
Native
Africa
-
MACARONESIA:
Cabo Verde
-
NORTHERN AFRICA:
Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
-
NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA:
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, Chad
-
EAST TROPICAL AFRICA:
Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
-
WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA:
Central African Republic, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Congo, Gabon, Rwanda
-
WEST TROPICAL AFRICA:
Benin, Côte D'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo
-
SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA:
Angola, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe
-
SOUTHERN AFRICA:
South Africa
Asia-Temperate
-
WESTERN ASIA:
Lebanon, Syria
-
CHINA:
China [Zhejiang Sheng, Fujian Sheng, Henan Sheng, Hunan Sheng, Hubei Sheng, Gansu Sheng, Jiangxi Sheng, Guangdong Sheng, Guizhou Sheng, Shaanxi Sheng, Sichuan Sheng, Yunnan Sheng, Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu, Xizang Zizhiqu, Hainan Sheng]
-
EASTERN ASIA:
Taiwan
Asia-Tropical
-
INDIAN SUBCONTINENT:
India, Sri Lanka
-
INDO-CHINA:
Myanmar
Australasia
-
AUSTRALIA:
Australia [New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia]
Europe
-
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE:
Albania, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro
-
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE:
Spain, France
Cultivated
(also cult.)
Naturalized
Northern America
-
SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.:
United States [Florida]
-
SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.:
United States [New Mexico, Texas]
-
SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.:
United States [Arizona, California (s.)]
-
NORTHERN MEXICO:
Mexico [Baja, Chihuahua, Coahuila de Zaragoza, Durango, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Tamaulipas]
-
SOUTHERN MEXICO:
Mexico [Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Colima, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, México, Michoacán de Ocampo, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, Tabasco, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, Yucatán, Ciudad de México]
Pacific
-
NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC:
United States [Hawaii]
Southern America
-
CARIBBEAN:
West Indies
-
CENTRAL AMERICA:
Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador
-
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA:
Bolivia
-
SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA:
Argentina
Economic Uses
Usage | Type | Note | Reference |
Animal food | fodder | | Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2 |
Animal food | forage | | Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2 |
Environmental | erosion control | | Alderson, J. & W. C. Sharp. 1995. Grass varieties in the United States, U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 170, rev. ed. CRC Press. Note: Revised version of AH 170 |
Weed | | | USDA/ARS. INVADERS database system. The University of Montana (on-line resource). URL: http://invader.dbs.umt.edu/Noxious_Weeds/ |