Taxon:
Peganum harmala L.
Summary
Place of publication:
Sp. pl. 1:444. 1753
Verified:
05/20/1992
ARS Systematic Botanists.
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Reference(s)
- Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource) www.skud.info
- Ali, S. I. & S. M. H. Jafri, eds. 1976-. Flora of Libya.
- Boulos, L. 1999-. Flora of Egypt
- Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
- Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
- Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage
- Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource). URL: http://www.emplantbase.org/home.html
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource). URL: http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropListDetails?code=&relation=beginsWith&name=Peganum+harmala&quantity=1
- Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource). URL: http://www.anbg.gov.au/common.names/
- Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. Note: poisonous
- Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
- Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
- McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
- Middleditch, B. S. & A. M. Amer. 1991. Kuwaiti plants: distribution, traditional medicine, phytochemistry,... economic value (Studies in Plant Science 2).
- Migahid, A. M. 1988-1990. Flora of Saudi Arabia, ed. 3.
- Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
- Parsons, W. T. & E. G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious weeds of Australia Inkata Press, Melbourne, Australia.
- Quézel, P. & S. Santa. 1962-1963. Nouvelle flore de l'Algerie.
- Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
- Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
- Rollins, R. C. & I. A. Al-Shehbaz. 1986. Weeds of south-west Asia in North America with special reference to the Cruciferae. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 89B:298.
- Seed Regulatory and Testing Division, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S.D.A. State noxious-weed seed requirements recognized in the administration of the Federal Seed Act (updated annually). URL: http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5090172
- Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966-. Flora of Iraq.
- Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
- Watson, J. F. 1868. Index to the native and scientific names of Indian and other eastern economic plants and products
- Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan. 1966-. Flora palaestina.
Common names
English
African-rue – Syrian-rue – wild rue – French
rue sauvage – German
Harmalkraute – Steppenraute – India
harmel – Spanish
alharma – gamarza – Swedish
harmelbuske –
Distribution
order_code | Status | Continent | Subcontinent | Country | State | Note |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Algeria | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Egypt | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Libya | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Morocco | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Tunisia | | |
1 | Native | Africa | West Tropical Africa | Mauritania | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Arabian Peninsula | Kuwait | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Arabian Peninsula | Saudi Arabia | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Caucasus | Armenia | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Caucasus | Azerbaijan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Caucasus | Georgia | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Caucasus | Russian Federation | Dagestan | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Caucasus | Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia | Ciscaucasia | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Middle Asia | Kazakhstan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Middle Asia | Kyrgyzstan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Middle Asia | Tajikistan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Middle Asia | Turkmenistan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Middle Asia | Uzbekistan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Mongolia | Mongolia | | w. |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Afghanistan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Cyprus | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Egypt | Sinai | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Iran | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Iraq | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Israel | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Jordan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Lebanon | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Syria | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Turkey | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indian Subcontinent | Pakistan | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Eastern Europe | Moldova | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Eastern Europe | Russian Federation-European part | European part | s. |
1 | Native | Europe | Eastern Europe | Ukraine | | incl. Krym |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Bulgaria | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Greece | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Italy | | incl. Sardinia |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Romania | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Serbia | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southwestern Europe | Spain | | |
4 | Naturalized | | | | | natzd. elsewhere |
Native
Africa
-
NORTHERN AFRICA:
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
-
WEST TROPICAL AFRICA:
Mauritania
Asia-Temperate
-
ARABIAN PENINSULA:
Kuwait, Saudi Arabia
-
WESTERN ASIA:
Afghanistan, Cyprus, Egypt [Sinai], Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey
-
CAUCASUS:
Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia [Ciscaucasia], Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russian Federation [Dagestan]
-
MIDDLE ASIA:
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
-
MONGOLIA:
Mongolia (w.)
-
CHINA:
China [Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu]
Asia-Tropical
-
INDIAN SUBCONTINENT:
Pakistan
Europe
-
EASTERN EUROPE:
Russian Federation-European part [European part (s.)], Moldova, Ukraine (incl. Krym)
-
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE:
Bulgaria, Greece, Italy (incl. Sardinia), Romania, Serbia
-
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE:
Spain
Naturalized
(natzd. elsewhere)
Economic Uses
Usage | Type | Note | Reference |
Materials | tannin/dyestuff | | Middleditch, B. S. & A. M. Amer. 1991. Kuwaiti plants: distribution, traditional medicine, phytochemistry,... economic value (Studies in Plant Science 2). |
Medicines | folklore | | Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs |
Medicines | folklore | | McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland. |
Vertebrate poisons | mammals | | Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR. |
Vertebrate poisons | mammals | | Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. Note: poisonous |
Weed | potential seed contaminant | | Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR. |
Weed | potential seed contaminant | | Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia |