Bee plants | honey production | | Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR. |
Environmental | erosion control | fide Proc RS Edinburgh 98:169-182. 1992 | Stott, K. G. 1992. Willows in the service of man. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 98B:176. |
Environmental | ornamental | | Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage |
Environmental | shade/shelter | fide Proc RS Edinburgh 98:169-182. 1992 | Stott, K. G. 1992. Willows in the service of man. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 98B:176. |
Materials | tannin/dyestuff | | Cannon, J. & M. Cannon. 1994. Dye plants and dyeing The Herbert Press & The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. |
Materials | wood | | Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR. |
Medicines | folklore | | McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland. |