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Taxon:
Silybum marianum
(L.) Gaertn.
Nomenclature
Common Names
Distribution
Economic Uses
Summary
Genus:
Silybum
Family:
Asteraceae
(alt. Compositae)
Subfamily:
Carduoideae
Tribe:
Cardueae
Subtribe:
Carduinae
Nomen number:
33952
Place of publication:
Fruct. sem. pl. 2:378. 1791
Verified:
09/30/1992
ARS Systematic Botanists.
Accessions:
0
(
0
active,
0
available)
in National Plant Germplasm System.
Other conspecific taxa
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Basionym
Carduus marianus
L.
No images
Reference(s)
Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson.
2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
www.skud.info
Allan, H. H. B. et al.
1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
URL:
http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx
Bisset, N. G., ed.
1994. Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals. A handbook for practice on a scientific basis CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Note:
translation of German edition by M. Wichtl, ed.
Boulos, L.
1999-. Flora of Egypt
Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi.
1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson.
1998. Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning
Note:
poisonous
Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston.
1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas
Darbyshire, S. J.
2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 271.
Davis, P. H., ed.
1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
Duke, J. A. et al.
2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
Erhardt, W. et al.
2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen
Euro+Med Editorial Committee.
Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
URL:
http://www.emplantbase.org/home.html
Farnsworth, N. R. & D. D. Soejarto.
1988. Global importance of medicinal plants (unpublished draft manuscript rev. 23)
FNA Editorial Committee.
1993-. Flora of North America.
URL:
http://floranorthamerica.org/
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
URL:
http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropListDetails?code=&relation=beginsWith&name=Silybum+marianum&quantity=1
Forzza, R. C. et al., coord.
Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
URL:
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/
Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds.
2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14
Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist.
1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada.
Hanelt, P., ed.
2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6
URL:
http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:3:2422827336895397#
Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards.
1989-. Flora of Ethiopia
Note:
Eritrea added in 2000
Hnatiuk, R. J.
1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
Holm, L. et al.
1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry.
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
URL:
http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion.
2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
URL:
http://www2.darwin.edu.ar/Proyectos/FloraArgentina/FA.asp
Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS).
Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
URL:
http://www.anbg.gov.au/common.names/
Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds.
1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
Kartesz, J. T.
1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland.
Kingsbury, J. M.
1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada.
Note:
poisonous
Komarov, V. L. et al., eds.
1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
Krasnoborov, I. M., ed.
2000-. Flora of Siberia (English translation)
Lazarides, M. & B. Hince.
1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster.
1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2
Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium.
1976. Hortus third.
McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker.
2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Ortega-Sada, J. L.
1987. Flora de interes apicola y polinizacion de cultivos.
Parsons, W. T. & E. G. Cuthbertson.
1992. Noxious weeds of Australia Inkata Press, Melbourne, Australia.
Personal Care Products Council.
INCI
URL:
http://www.personalcarecouncil.org/public/what-inci
Porcher, M. H. et al.
Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
URL:
http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Frontpage.html
Radford, A. E. et al., eds.
1980-. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States.
Rechinger, K. H., ed.
1963-. Flora iranica.
Rehm, S.
1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Scoggan, H. J.
1978-1979. The flora of Canada, 4 vol.
Seed Regulatory and Testing Division, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S.D.A.
State noxious-weed seed requirements recognized in the administration of the Federal Seed Act (updated annually).
URL:
http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5090172
Sharma, B. D. et al., eds.
1993-. Flora of India.
Stewart, R.
1972. An annotated catalogue of the vascular plants of West Pakistan and Kashmir
Turrill, W. B. et al., eds.
1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds.
1964-1980. Flora europaea.
Vibrans, H., ed.
Malezas de México (on-line resource).
URL:
http://www.conabio.gob.mx/malezasdemexico/asteraceae/silybum-marianum/fichas/pagina1.htm
Weber, E.
2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
Wiggins, I. L.
1980. Flora of Baja California.
Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan.
1966-. Flora palaestina.
Common names
English
blessed milk thistle –
Reference(s)
bull thistle –
Reference(s)
gundagai thistle –
Reference(s)
holy thistle –
Reference(s)
lady's thistle –
Reference(s)
milk thistle –
Reference(s)
variegated artichoke –
Reference(s)
variegated thistle –
Reference(s)
Arabic
shawk el-gamal –
Reference(s)
English (Canada)
milk thistle –
Reference(s)
French
chardon argenté –
Reference(s)
chardon Marie –
Reference(s)
lait de Notre Dame –
Reference(s)
silybe de Marie –
Reference(s)
French (Canada)
chardon Marie –
Reference(s)
German
Mariendistel –
Reference(s)
Portuguese
cardo-leiteiro –
Reference(s)
Spanish
cardo de María –
Reference(s)
cardo lechero –
Reference(s)
cardo mariano –
Reference(s)
Swedish
mariatistel –
Reference(s)
Transliterated Russian
ostro-pestro –
Reference(s)
rastoropša pjatnistaja –
Reference(s)
Distribution
Exportable format
order_code
Status
Continent
Subcontinent
Country
State
Note
1
Native
Africa
Macaronesia
Portugal
Madeira Islands
1
Native
Africa
Northern Africa
Algeria
1
Native
Africa
Northern Africa
Egypt
1
Native
Africa
Northern Africa
Libya
1
Native
Africa
Northern Africa
Morocco
1
Native
Africa
Northern Africa
Tunisia
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Caucasus
Armenia
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Caucasus
Azerbaijan
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Caucasus
Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia
Ciscaucasia
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Middle Asia
Tajikistan
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Middle Asia
Turkmenistan
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Middle Asia
Uzbekistan
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Siberia
Russian Federation
Kurgan
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Afghanistan
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Cyprus
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Egypt
Sinai
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Iran
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Iraq
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Israel
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Jordan
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Lebanon
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Syria
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Turkey
1
Native
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
India
Himachal Pradesh
1
Native
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
India
Jammu and Kashmir
1
Native
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
India
Uttar Pradesh
1
Native
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
Pakistan
1
Native
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Albania
1
Native
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Bosnia and Herzegovina
1
Native
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Bulgaria
1
Native
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Croatia
1
Native
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Greece
incl. Crete
1
Native
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Italy
incl. Sardinia, Sicily
1
Native
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Montenegro
1
Native
Europe
Southeastern Europe
North Macedonia
1
Native
Europe
Southwestern Europe
France
incl. Crosica
1
Native
Europe
Southwestern Europe
Portugal
1
Native
Europe
Southwestern Europe
Spain
incl. Baleares
2
Cultivated
also cult.
3
Adventive
Europe
Eastern Europe
Estonia
3
Adventive
Europe
Eastern Europe
Latvia
3
Adventive
Europe
Middle Europe
Czech Republic
3
Adventive
Europe
Middle Europe
Germany
3
Adventive
Europe
Middle Europe
Netherlands
3
Adventive
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Serbia
4
Naturalized
Africa
East Tropical Africa
Kenya
4
Naturalized
Africa
Macaronesia
Portugal
Azores
4
Naturalized
Africa
Macaronesia
Spain
Canary Islands
4
Naturalized
Africa
Northeast Tropical Africa
Eritrea
4
Naturalized
Africa
Northeast Tropical Africa
Ethiopia
4
Naturalized
Africa
Southern Africa
South Africa
Eastern Cape
4
Naturalized
Africa
Southern Africa
South Africa
Gauteng
4
Naturalized
Australasia
Australia
Australia
4
Naturalized
Australasia
New Zealand
New Zealand
4
Naturalized
Europe
Eastern Europe
Belarus
4
Naturalized
Europe
Eastern Europe
Lithuania
4
Naturalized
Europe
Eastern Europe
Moldova
4
Naturalized
Europe
Eastern Europe
Russian Federation-European part
European part
4
Naturalized
Europe
Eastern Europe
Ukraine
incl. Krym
4
Naturalized
Europe
Middle Europe
Austria
4
Naturalized
Europe
Middle Europe
Belgium
4
Naturalized
Europe
Northern Europe
Denmark
4
Naturalized
Europe
Northern Europe
Ireland
4
Naturalized
Europe
Northern Europe
Norway
4
Naturalized
Europe
Northern Europe
Sweden
4
Naturalized
Europe
Northern Europe
United Kingdom
4
Naturalized
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Romania
4
Naturalized
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Slovenia
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Eastern Canada
Canada
New Brunswick
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Eastern Canada
Canada
Nova Scotia
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Eastern Canada
Canada
Ontario
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Eastern Canada
Canada
Québec
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
Connecticut
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
Indiana
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
Michigan
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
New Hampshire
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
New Jersey
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
New York
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
Ohio
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
Pennsylvania
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
Vermont
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
West Virginia
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Northern Mexico
Mexico
Baja California (Norte)
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Northwestern U.S.A.
United States
Oregon
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Northwestern U.S.A.
United States
Washington
4
Naturalized
Northern America
South-Central U.S.A.
United States
New Mexico
4
Naturalized
Northern America
South-Central U.S.A.
United States
Texas
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Alabama
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Arkansas
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Louisiana
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Mississippi
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
North Carolina
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Tennessee
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Virginia
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Southwestern U.S.A.
United States
Arizona
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Southwestern U.S.A.
United States
California
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Southwestern U.S.A.
United States
Nevada
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Western Canada
Canada
Alberta
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Western Canada
Canada
British Columbia
4
Naturalized
Northern America
Western Canada
Canada
Saskatchewan
4
Naturalized
Southern America
Brazil
Brazil
Paraná
4
Naturalized
Southern America
Brazil
Brazil
Rio Grande do Sul
4
Naturalized
Southern America
Brazil
Brazil
Santa Catarina
4
Naturalized
Southern America
Southern South America
Argentina
4
Naturalized
Southern America
Southern South America
Chile
4
Naturalized
Southern America
Southern South America
Uruguay
4
Naturalized
Southern America
Western South America
Ecuador
4
Naturalized
Southern America
Western South America
Peru
Native
Africa
MACARONESIA:
Portugal
[Madeira Islands]
NORTHERN AFRICA:
Algeria
,
Egypt
,
Libya
,
Morocco
,
Tunisia
Asia-Temperate
WESTERN ASIA:
Afghanistan
,
Cyprus
,
Egypt
[Sinai],
Iran
,
Iraq
,
Israel
,
Jordan
,
Lebanon
,
Syria
,
Turkey
CAUCASUS:
Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia
[Ciscaucasia],
Armenia
,
Azerbaijan
SIBERIA:
Russian Federation
[Kurgan]
MIDDLE ASIA:
Tajikistan
,
Turkmenistan
,
Uzbekistan
Asia-Tropical
INDIAN SUBCONTINENT:
India
[Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh],
Pakistan
Europe
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE:
Albania
,
Bulgaria
,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
,
Greece
(incl. Crete),
Croatia
,
Italy
(incl. Sardinia, Sicily),
North Macedonia
,
Montenegro
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE:
Spain
(incl. Baleares),
France
(incl. Crosica),
Portugal
Cultivated
(also cult.)
Adventive
Europe
MIDDLE EUROPE:
Czech Republic
,
Germany
,
Netherlands
EASTERN EUROPE:
Estonia
,
Latvia
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE:
Serbia
Naturalized
Africa
MACARONESIA:
Spain
[Canary Islands],
Portugal
[Azores]
NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA:
Eritrea
,
Ethiopia
EAST TROPICAL AFRICA:
Kenya
SOUTHERN AFRICA:
South Africa
[Eastern Cape, Gauteng]
Australasia
AUSTRALIA:
Australia
NEW ZEALAND:
New Zealand
Europe
NORTHERN EUROPE:
Denmark
,
United Kingdom
,
Ireland
,
Norway
,
Sweden
MIDDLE EUROPE:
Austria
,
Belgium
EASTERN EUROPE:
Russian Federation-European part
[European part],
Belarus
,
Lithuania
,
Moldova
,
Ukraine
(incl. Krym)
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE:
Romania
,
Slovenia
Northern America
EASTERN CANADA:
Canada
[Québec, Nova Scotia, Ontario, New Brunswick]
WESTERN CANADA:
Canada
[Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia]
NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.:
United States
[Connecticut, Indiana, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, West Virginia]
NORTHWESTERN U.S.A.:
United States
[Oregon, Washington]
SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.:
United States
[Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia]
SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.:
United States
[New Mexico, Texas]
SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.:
United States
[Arizona, California, Nevada]
NORTHERN MEXICO:
Mexico
[Baja California (Norte)]
Southern America
BRAZIL:
Brazil
[Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina]
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA:
Ecuador
,
Peru
SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA:
Argentina
,
Chile
,
Uruguay
Economic Uses
Usage
Type
Note
Reference
Bee plants
honey production
Ortega-Sada, J. L.
1987. Flora de interes apicola y polinizacion de cultivos.
Food additives
flavoring
Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster.
1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2
Medicines
source of silymarin
Duke, J. A. et al.
2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
Medicines
source of silymarin
McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker.
2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Medicines
source of silymarin
Farnsworth, N. R. & D. D. Soejarto.
1988. Global importance of medicinal plants (unpublished draft manuscript rev. 23)
Vertebrate poisons
mammals
Kingsbury, J. M.
1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada.
Note:
poisonous
Vertebrate poisons
mammals
Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson.
1998. Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning
Note:
poisonous
Weed
potential seed contaminant
Lazarides, M. & B. Hince.
1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
Weed
potential seed contaminant
Weber, E.
2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
Name
References