Taxon:
Symphytum officinale L.
Summary
Place of publication:
Sp. pl. 1:136. 1753
Verified:
03/02/1995
ARS Systematic Botanists.
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Reference(s)
- Afonin, A. N., S. L. Greene, N. I. Dzyubenko, & A. N. Frolov, eds. Interactive agricultural ecological atlas of Russia and neighboring countries. Economic plants and their diseases, pests and weeds (on-line resource). URL: http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/related/Symphytum_officinale/
- Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource) www.skud.info
- Bennett, M. 2003. Pulmonarias and the Borage family 181.
- Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson. 1998. Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning Note: poisonous
- Darbyshire, S. J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 202.
- Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
- Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
- Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen
- Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource). URL: http://www.emplantbase.org/home.html
- Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, ed. 2
- Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984-. Med-Checklist.
- Gviniashvili, T. N. 1976. Kavkazskie predstaviteli roda Symphytum L. (Boraginaceae Juss.). 122-125.
- Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
- Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
- Lampe, K. F. & M. A. McCann. 1985. AMA handbook of poisonous and injurious plants Note: poisonous
- Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2
- Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third.
- Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
- McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
- Munro, D. B. Canadian poisonous plants information system (on-line resource). URL: http://www.cbif.gc.ca/pls/pp/poison?p_x=px
- Personal Care Products Council. INCI URL: http://www.personalcarecouncil.org/public/what-inci
- Pignatti, S. 1982. Flora d'Italia.
- Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
- Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
- Wichens, G. E. 1969. A revision of Symphytum in Turkey and adjacent areas. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 29:158.
- Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). URL: http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2
Common names
English
boneset – comfrey – common comfrey – consound – healingherb – knitbone – slippery-root – English (Canada)
comfrey – French
consoude officinale – grande consoude – French (Canada)
consoude officinale – German
echter Beinwell – gemeiner Beinwell – gewöhnlicher Beinwell – Italian
consolda maggiore – Portuguese
consolda-maior – Spanish
consuelda – consuelda mayor – Swedish
äkta vallört – Transliterated Russian
okopnik lekarstvennyi –
Distribution
order_code | Status | Continent | Subcontinent | Country | State | Note |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Caucasus | Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia | Ciscaucasia | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Middle Asia | Kazakhstan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Siberia | Russian Federation-Western Siberia | Western Siberia | w. |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Turkey | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Eastern Europe | Belarus | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Eastern Europe | Moldova | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Eastern Europe | Russian Federation-European part | European part | |
1 | Native | Europe | Eastern Europe | Ukraine | | incl. Krym |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Austria | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Belgium | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Czech Republic | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Germany | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Hungary | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Netherlands | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Poland | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Slovakia | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Switzerland | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Northern Europe | United Kingdom | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Bulgaria | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Croatia | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Italy | | incl. Sardinia, Sicily |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Romania | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Serbia | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Slovenia | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southwestern Europe | France | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southwestern Europe | Spain | | |
2 | Cultivated | | | | | also cult. |
Native
Asia-Temperate
-
WESTERN ASIA:
Turkey
-
CAUCASUS:
Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia [Ciscaucasia]
-
SIBERIA:
Russian Federation-Western Siberia [Western Siberia (w.)]
-
MIDDLE ASIA:
Kazakhstan
Europe
-
NORTHERN EUROPE:
United Kingdom
-
MIDDLE EUROPE:
Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia
-
EASTERN EUROPE:
Russian Federation-European part [European part], Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine (incl. Krym)
-
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE:
Bulgaria, Croatia, Italy (incl. Sardinia, Sicily), Romania, Serbia, Slovenia
-
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE:
Spain, France
Cultivated
(also cult.)
Economic Uses
Usage | Type | Note | Reference |
Animal food | forage | | Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). URL: http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2 |
Environmental | ornamental | fide Pulmonaria 182. | Bennett, M. 2003. Pulmonarias and the Borage family 181. |
Environmental | soil improver | a green manure valued for cultivating potatoes and tomatoes in gardens | Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening |
Materials | gum/resin | | Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2 |
Materials | lipids | | Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2 |
Medicines | folklore | | Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs |
Medicines | folklore | | McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland. |
Vertebrate poisons | mammals | | Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson. 1998. Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning Note: poisonous |
Vertebrate poisons | mammals | | Lampe, K. F. & M. A. McCann. 1985. AMA handbook of poisonous and injurious plants Note: poisonous |