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Taxon:
Malus domestica
(Suckow) Borkh.
Nomenclature
Common Names
Distribution
Economic Uses
Summary
Genus:
Malus
Section:
Malus
Family:
Rosaceae
Subfamily:
Amygdaloideae
Tribe:
Maleae
Subtribe:
Malinae
Nomen number:
104681
Place of publication:
Theor. prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 2:1272. 1803, nom. cons.
Comment:
fide Telopea 9:427. 2001, when published this was an illegitimate, superfluous name (
Shenzhen ICN
52) for
Malus communis
Desf. (1798), i.e. based on the same type (that of
Pyrus malus
L.)
conserved (nom. cons.) against the heterotypic synonyms (
Shenzhen ICN
14.4 & App. IV)
M. communis
,
M. pumila
, and five other names
Verified:
06/21/2011
ARS Systematic Botanists.
Accessions:
0
(
0
active,
0
available)
in National Plant Germplasm System.
Other conspecific taxa
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Homotypic Synonym(s)
Malus malus
(L.) Britton, nom. inval.
Malus pumila
Mill. var.
domestica
(Borkh.) C. K. Schneid.
Malus sylvestris
(L.) Mill. var.
domestica
(Borkh.) Mansf.
Pyrus malus
L.
Pyrus malus
L. subsp.
malus
Pyrus malus
L. var.
malus
Invalid Designation(s)
Malus pumila
auct.
Malus sylvestris
auct.
No images
Reference(s)
Afonin, A. N., S. L. Greene, N. I. Dzyubenko, & A. N. Frolov, eds.
Interactive agricultural ecological atlas of Russia and neighboring countries. Economic plants and their diseases, pests and weeds (on-line resource).
URL:
http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/cultural/Malus_domestica_K/
Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson.
2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
www.skud.info
Applequist, W. L.
2014. Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 66. Taxon 63:1359.
URL:
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax
Note:
proposal not recommended
Batra, L. R.
1995. Names of Japanese plants sorted by their Japanese names in Romanized Katakana and scientific nomenclature
Note:
=
Malus pumila
var.
dulcissima
Chinese Academy of Sciences.
1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
Note:
=
Malus pumila
Mill.
Cornille, A. et al.
2012. New insight into the history of domesticated apple: secondary contribution of the European wild apple to the genome of cultivated varieties. PLoS Genet. 8(5):e1002703.
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pgen.1002703
.
URL:
http://www.plosgenetics.org/
Note:
supports independent status from other apple species
Cornille, A. et al.
2015. The domestication and evolutionary ecology of apples. Trends Genet. 30:57-65.
Note:
hybridization played a role in the evolution of cultivated apple
Duke, J. A. et al.
2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
Encke, F. et al.
1993. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 14. Auflage
Erhardt, W. et al.
2002. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 17. Auflage
Erhardt, W. et al.
2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen
Facciola, S.
1990. Cornucopia, a source book of edible plants Kampong Publications.
Note:
=
Malus pumila
Mill.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
URL:
http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropListDetails?code=&relation=beginsWith&name=Malus+domestica&quantity=1
Gilbert, L.
1998. pers. comm.
Note:
re. common names
Gross, B. L. et al.
2012. Identification of interspecific hybrids among domesticated apple and its wild relatives. Tree Genet. Genomes 8:1223-1235.
URL:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/112958/
Note:
supports independent status from other apple species
Hanelt, P., ed.
2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6
URL:
http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:3:2422827336895397#
Harris, S. A. et al.
2002. Genetic clues to the origin of the apple. Trends Genet. 18:426-430.
Hokanson, S. C. et al.
2001. Microsatellite (SSR) variation in a collection of
Malus
(apple) species and hybrids. Euphytica 118:281-294.
Note:
=
Malus
×
domestica
Huxley, A., ed.
1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
Note:
=
Malus sylvestris
var.
domestica
(Borkh.) Mansf.
Joseph, R.
2009. Rosh Hashanah: it's crunch time for apples.
Kartesz, J. T.
1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland.
Note:
lists as
Malus domestica
(Borkh.) Borkh. (=
M. pumila
Mill.)
Komarov, V. L. et al., eds.
1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
Korban, S. S. & R. M. Skirvan.
1984. Nomenclature of the cultivated apple. HortScience 19:177-180.
Note:
=
Malus
×
domestica
Borkh.
León, B.
1996. pers. comm.
Note:
re. Spanish common names
Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium.
1976. Hortus third.
Note:
=
Malus pumila
Mill.
Likhonos, F. D.
1974. A survey of the species in the genus
Malus
Mill. Trudy Prikl. Bot. 52(3):29.
Mabberley, D. J. et al.
2001. The name of the apple. Telopea 9:427.
URL:
http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/science/Scientific_publications/telopea/
Note:
indicates this to be a nom. superfl., as the earlier
Malus communis
Desf. (1798), based on the same type (that of
Pyrus malus
L.), should have been adopted
Markle, G. M. et al., eds.
1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker.
2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Nikiforova, S. V. et al.
2013. Phylogenetic analysis of 47 chloroplast genomes clarifies the contribution of wild species to the domesticated apple maternal line. Molec. Biol. Evol. 30:1751-1760.
Personal Care Products Council.
INCI
URL:
http://www.personalcarecouncil.org/public/what-inci
Ponomarenko, V. V.
1980. The present status of the problem of origin of
Malus domestica
Borkh. Trudy Prikl. Bot. 67(1):11-21.
Note:
originated from
Malus sieversii
in Central Asia
Porcher, M. H. et al.
Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
URL:
http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Frontpage.html
Qian, G.-Z. et al.
2010. (1933) Proposal to conserve the name
Malus domestica
against
M. pumila
,
M. communis
,
M. frutescens
, and
Pyrus dioica
(
Rosaceae
). Taxon 59:650-652.
URL:
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax
Rechinger, K. H., ed.
1963-. Flora iranica.
Rehm, S.
1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Reichel, S.
1998. pers. comm.
Note:
re. German common names
Robinson, J. P. et al.
2001. Taxonomy of the genus
Malus
Mill. (Rosaceae) with emphasis on the cultivated apple,
Malus domestica
Borkh. Pl. Syst. Evol. 226:35-58.
URL:
http://link.springer.com/journal/volumesAndIssues/606
Spengler, R. N.
2019. Origins of the apple: the role of megafaunal mutualism in the domestication of
Malus
and rosaceous trees. Front. Plant Sci. 10: 617. Pages1-18.
URL:
http://www.frontiersin.org/Plant_Science
Steyermark, J. A.
1977. Flora of Missouri.
Note:
=
Pyrus malus
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds.
1964-1980. Flora europaea.
Verheij, E. W. M. & R. E. Coronel, eds.
1991. Edible fruits and nuts. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 2:200.
URL:
http://proseanet.org
Walters, S. M. et al., eds.
1986-2000. European garden flora.
Note:
=
Malus sylvestris
subsp.
mitis
(Wallr.) Mansf.
Zhou, Z.-Q.
1999. The apple genetic resources in China: the wild species and their distributions, informative characterists and utilisation. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 46:605.
URL:
http://link.springer.com/journal/volumesAndIssues/10722
Common names
English
apple –
Reference(s)
French
pommier commun –
Reference(s)
German
Apfel –
Reference(s)
Apfelbaum –
Reference(s)
Kultur-Apfel –
Reference(s)
Japanese Rōmaji
ringo –
Reference(s)
Portuguese
macieira –
Reference(s)
Spanish
manzana –
Reference(s)
manzano –
Reference(s)
Swedish
äpple –
Reference(s)
Transcribed Chinese
ping guo –
Reference(s)
Transcribed Korean
sagwanamu –
Reference(s)
Transliterated Russian
jabloko –
Reference(s)
jablonja –
Reference(s)
Distribution
Exportable format
order_code
Status
Continent
Subcontinent
Country
State
Note
2
Cultivated
also cult.
4
Naturalized
sometimes natzd.
Cultivated
(also cult.)
Naturalized
(sometimes natzd.)
Economic Uses
Usage
Type
Note
Reference
Fuels
fuelwood
Gilbert, L.
1998. pers. comm.
Note:
re. common names
Human food
beverage base
Markle, G. M. et al., eds.
1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
Human food
fruit
Markle, G. M. et al., eds.
1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
Medicines
folklore
fide L. Gilbert, pers. comm. 1998; Herbs Commerce ed2
McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker.
2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Social
religious/secular
eaten during some Jewish holidays
Joseph, R.
2009. Rosh Hashanah: it's crunch time for apples.
Vertebrate poisons
mammals
as
Malus sylvestris
Kingsbury, J. M.
1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada.
Name
References