Achillea millefolium L. GRIN-Global

Taxon: Achillea millefolium L.

Summary

Genus:

Achillea

Family:

Asteraceae (alt. Compositae)

Subfamily:

Asteroideae

Tribe:

Anthemideae

Subtribe:

Matricariinae

Nomen number:

1270

Place of publication:

Sp. pl. 2:899. 1753

Protologue link:

https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358920

Typification:

View in Linnean Typification Project

Verified:

05/20/1992 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

0 (0 active, 0 available) in National Plant Germplasm System.

Other conspecific taxa

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

Autonym(s)

Achillea millefolium L. subsp. millefolium
Achillea millefolium L. var. millefolium

Heterotypic Synonym(s)

Achillea borealis Bong.
Achillea lanulosa Nutt.
Achillea millefolium L. subsp. borealis (Bong.) Breitung
Achillea millefolium L. subsp. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper
Achillea millefolium L. var. borealis (Bong.) Farw.
Achillea millefolium L. var. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper
Achillea millefolium L. var. occidentale DC.
Invalid Designation(s)
Achillea magna auct.

No images

Reference(s)

Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource) www.skud.info
Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand. URL: http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx
Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
Caligari, P. D. S. & D. J. N. Hind, eds. 1996. Compositae: biology and utilization.
CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. 1974. The CIBA-GEIGY Weed Tables
Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas
Cronquist, A. et al. 1972-. Intermountain flora.
Darbyshire, S. J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 258-259.
Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage
Erhardt, W. et al. 2002. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 17. Auflage
Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource). URL: http://www.emplantbase.org/home.html
FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America. URL: http://floranorthamerica.org/
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource). URL: http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropListDetails?code=&relation=beginsWith&name=Achillea+millefolium&quantity=1
Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14
Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, ed. 2
Grierson, A. J. C. & D. J. Long. 1984-. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim.
Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6 URL: http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:3:2422827336895397#
Hansen, A. & P. Sunding. 1993. Flora of Macaronesia: checklist of vascular plants, ed. 4. Sommerfeltia vol. 17.
Hickman, J. C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: higher plants of California
Hitchcock, C. L. & A. Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an illustrated manual.
Hitchcock, C. L. et al. 1955-1969. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest.
Hoang, H.-D. et al. 1997. Additional notes to the checklist of Korean cultivated plants (5). Consolidated summary and indexes. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 44:352. URL: http://link.springer.com/journal/volumesAndIssues/10722
Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource). URL: http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares. URL: http://www2.darwin.edu.ar/Proyectos/FloraArgentina/FA.asp
International Seed Testing Association. 1982. A Multilingual Glossary of Common Plant-Names 1. Field crops, grasses and vegetables, ed. 2.
Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
Kala, C. P. et al. 2004. Prioritization of medicinal plants on the basis of available knowledge, existing practices and use value status in Uttaranchal, India. Biodivers. & Conservation 13:459. URL: http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/evolutionary+%26+developmental+biology/journal/10531
Kearney, T. H. & R. H. Peebles. 1969. Arizona flora, ed. 2. Note: = Achillea lanulosa
Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada.
Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000-. Flora of Siberia (English translation)
Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
Lee, Y. N. 1997. Flora of Korea.
León (J. S. Sauget) & Alain (E. E. Liogier). 1946-1969. Flora de Cuba
Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2
Li, H. L. et al., eds. 1975-1979. Flora of Taiwan.
Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third.
Magee, D. W. & H. E. Ahles. 1999. Flora of the Northeast. A manual of the vascular flora of New England and adjacent New York.
Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
Martin, W. C. & C. R. Hutchins. 1980. A flora of New Mexico. Note: = Achillea lanulosa
McGregor, R. L. et al. (The Great Plains Flora Association). 1977. Atlas of the Flora of the Great Plains.
McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Missouri Botanical Garden. Flora of China Checklist (on-line resource). URL: http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/TROPICOS/china/welcome.html
Parsa, A. 1943-1952. Flore de l'Iran.
Personal Care Products Council. INCI URL: http://www.personalcarecouncil.org/public/what-inci
Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource). URL: http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Frontpage.html
Radford, A. E. et al., eds. 1980-. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States.
Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes. URL: http://www.ecologia.edu.mx/publicaciones/FLOBA.htm
Scoggan, H. J. 1978-1979. The flora of Canada, 4 vol. Note: introduced
Sharma, B. D. et al., eds. 1993-. Flora of India.
Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
Stevens, W. D. et al., eds. 2001. Flora de Nicaragua. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1-3).
Stewart, R. 1972. An annotated catalogue of the vascular plants of West Pakistan and Kashmir
Tunon, H. 1998. Alkaloids in Achillea millefolium L. - confusion in the literature. Compositae Newslett. 32:1-5.
Turner, B. L. 1996-. The comps of Mexico - a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Phytologia Memoirs.
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
Tyrl, R. J. 1975. Origin and distribution of polyploid Achillea (Compositae) in western North America. Brittonia 27:193-194.
Vibrans, H., ed. Malezas de México (on-line resource). URL: http://www.conabio.gob.mx/malezasdemexico/asteraceae/achillea-millefolium/fichas/pagina1.htm
Welsh, S. L. et al. 1993. A Utah flora.
Wofford, B. E. Database of Tennessee vascular plants (on-line resource). URL: https://herbarium.utk.edu/vascular/vascular-database.php?CategoryID=Dicots&FamilyID=Asteraceae&GenusID=Achillea&SpeciesID=millefolium
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). URL: http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2

Common names

English
milfoil –
yarrow –
English (Canada)
common yarrow –
French
achillée millefeuille –
herbe à dinde –
mille-feuille –
French (Canada)
achillée millefeuille –
German
gewöhnliche Schafgarbe –
Schafgarbe –
Wiesen-Schafgarbe –
Italian
millefoglio –
Portuguese
milefólio –
Spanish
milenrama –
Swedish
röllika –
Transcribed Chinese
yang shi cao –
Transcribed Korean
seoyangtobpul –
Transliterated Russian
tysâčelistnik obyknovennyj –

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Note
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Armenia
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Azerbaijan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Georgia
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Russian Federation	Dagestan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia	Ciscaucasia
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Kazakhstan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Kyrgyzstan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Mongolia	Mongolia
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation-Eastern Siberia	Eastern Siberia
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation-Western Siberia	Western Siberia
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Afghanistan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Iran
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Turkey
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	India		n.w.
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Pakistan
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Belarus
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Estonia
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Latvia
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Lithuania
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Russian Federation-European part	European part
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Ukraine		incl. Krym
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Austria
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Belgium
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Czech Republic
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Germany
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Hungary
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Netherlands
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Poland
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Slovakia
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Switzerland
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Denmark
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Faroe Islands
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Finland
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Ireland
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Norway
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Sweden
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	United Kingdom
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Albania
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Bosnia and Herzegovina
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Bulgaria
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Croatia
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Greece
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Italy		incl. Sardinia
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Montenegro
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	North Macedonia
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Romania
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Serbia
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Slovenia
1	Native	Europe	Southwestern Europe	France		incl. Corsica
1	Native	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Portugal
1	Native	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Spain
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Newfoundland and Labrador
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Ontario
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Québec
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Illinois
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Iowa
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Kansas
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Minnesota
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Missouri
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Nebraska
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	North Dakota
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Oklahoma
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	South Dakota
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Wisconsin
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Connecticut
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Indiana
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Maine
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Massachusetts
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Michigan
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New Hampshire
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New Jersey
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New York
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Ohio
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Pennsylvania
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Rhode Island
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Vermont
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	West Virginia
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Baja California (Norte)
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Chihuahua
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Coahuila de Zaragoza
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Durango	w.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Nuevo León
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	San Luis Potosí
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Sonora
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Tamaulipas
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Zacatecas
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Colorado
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Idaho
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Montana
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Oregon
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Washington
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Wyoming	http://www.esb.utexas.edu/tchumley/wyomap/ast_a_d/achmilla.pdf
1	Native	Northern America	South-Central U.S.A.	United States	New Mexico
1	Native	Northern America	South-Central U.S.A.	United States	Texas
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Alabama
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Arkansas
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Delaware
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	District of Columbia
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Florida	n.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Georgia
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Kentucky
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Louisiana
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Maryland
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Mississippi
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	North Carolina
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	South Carolina
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Tennessee
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Virginia
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Chiapas
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Ciudad de México
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Guanajuato
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Hidalgo
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	México
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Michoacán de Ocampo
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Morelos
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Oaxaca
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Puebla
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Querétaro
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Tlaxcala
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Arizona
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	California
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Nevada
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Utah
1	Native	Northern America	Subarctic America	Canada	Northwest Territories
1	Native	Northern America	Subarctic America	Canada	Yukon
1	Native	Northern America	Subarctic America	United States	Alaska
1	Native	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	Manitoba
1	Native	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	Saskatchewan
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Guatemala
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Honduras
2	Cultivated					also cult. elsewhere
2	Cultivated	Australasia	Australia	Australia	New South Wales
2	Cultivated	Europe		Europe
4	Naturalized	Africa	Macaronesia	Portugal	Azores
4	Naturalized	Africa	Macaronesia	Portugal	Madeira Islands
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	Botswana
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	South Africa
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Nei Mongol Zizhiqu
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Russian Far East	Russian Federation-Far East	Far East
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Bhutan
4	Naturalized	Australasia	Australia	Australia
4	Naturalized	Australasia	New Zealand	New Zealand
4	Naturalized	Pacific	North-Central Pacific	United States	Hawaii
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Cuba
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Southern South America	Argentina
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Southern South America	Chile
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Southern South America	Uruguay
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Western South America	Peru
6	Other					exact native range obscure

Native
Asia-Temperate

WESTERN ASIA: Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey
CAUCASUS: Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia [Ciscaucasia], Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russian Federation [Dagestan]
SIBERIA: Russian Federation-Western Siberia [Western Siberia], Russian Federation-Eastern Siberia [Eastern Siberia]
MIDDLE ASIA: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan
MONGOLIA: Mongolia

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India (n.w.), Pakistan

Europe

NORTHERN EUROPE: Denmark, Finland, Faroe Islands, United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway, Sweden
MIDDLE EUROPE: Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia
EASTERN EUROPE: Russian Federation-European part [European part], Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine (incl. Krym)
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Croatia, Italy (incl. Sardinia), North Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain, France (incl. Corsica), Portugal

Northern America

SUBARCTIC AMERICA: Canada [Northwest Territories, Yukon], United States [Alaska]
EASTERN CANADA: Canada [Québec, Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador]
WESTERN CANADA: Canada [Saskatchewan, Manitoba]
NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia]
NORTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin]
NORTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming (http://www.esb.utexas.edu/tchumley/wyomap/ast_a_d/achmilla.pdf)]
SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida (n.), Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, District of Columbia]
SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [New Mexico, Texas]
SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah]
NORTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Chihuahua, Coahuila de Zaragoza, Durango (w.), Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas, Baja California (Norte)]
SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Chiapas, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, México, Michoacán de Ocampo, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, Tlaxcala, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, Ciudad de México]

Southern America

CENTRAL AMERICA: Guatemala, Honduras

Cultivated

REGION:

Australasia

AUSTRALIA: Australia [New South Wales]

Europe

REGION: Europe

Naturalized
Africa

MACARONESIA: Portugal [Azores, Madeira Islands]
SOUTHERN AFRICA: Botswana, South Africa

Asia-Temperate

RUSSIAN FAR EAST: Russian Federation-Far East [Far East]
CHINA: China [Nei Mongol Zizhiqu, Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu]

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: Bhutan

Australasia

AUSTRALIA: Australia
NEW ZEALAND: New Zealand

Pacific

NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: United States [Hawaii]

Southern America

CARIBBEAN: Cuba
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Ecuador, Peru
SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Chile, Uruguay

Other (exact native range obscure)

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Note	Reference
Environmental	erosion control		Hickman, J. C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: higher plants of California
Environmental	ornamental		Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
Food additives	flavoring		Caligari, P. D. S. & D. J. N. Hind, eds. 1996. Compositae: biology and utilization.
Food additives	flavoring	bitter	Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2
Medicines	folklore		Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2
Medicines	folklore		Caligari, P. D. S. & D. J. N. Hind, eds. 1996. Compositae: biology and utilization.
Medicines	folklore		Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
Medicines	folklore		Kala, C. P. et al. 2004. Prioritization of medicinal plants on the basis of available knowledge, existing practices and use value status in Uttaranchal, India. Biodivers. & Conservation 13:459. URL: http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/evolutionary+%26+developmental+biology/journal/10531
Medicines	folklore		McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Vertebrate poisons	mammals		Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada.
Weed	potential seed contaminant	fide Geigy Weed Tables. 1968	CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. 1974. The CIBA-GEIGY Weed Tables