Taxon:
Ilex aquifolium L.
Summary
Place of publication:
Sp. pl. 1:125. 1753
Comment:
the specific epithet is a noun in apposition, derived from a pre-Linnaean generic name, and retains its own gender and termination irrespective of the gender of the generic name (Shenzhen ICN 23.5)
Verified:
11/06/1985
ARS Systematic Botanists.
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Reference(s)
- Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource) www.skud.info
- Botanical Society of the British Isles. BSBI taxon database (on-line resource). URL: http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/BSBI/taxonsearch.php
- Campbell, F. T., ed. 1995. Report of National Coalition of Exotic Plant Pest Councils (unpublished draft)
- Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson. 1998. Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning Note: poisonous
- Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
- Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
- Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage
- Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen
- Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource). URL: http://www.emplantbase.org/home.html
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource). URL: http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropListDetails?code=&relation=beginsWith&name=Ilex+aquifolium&quantity=1
- Galle, F. C. 1997. Hollies. The genus Ilex Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.
- Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984-. Med-Checklist.
- Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
- Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
- Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland.
- Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
- Krüssmann, G. 1984. Manual of cultivated broad-leaved trees and shrubs (English translation of Handbuch der Laubgehölze. 1976)
- Lampe, K. F. & M. A. McCann. 1985. AMA handbook of poisonous and injurious plants Note: poisonous
- Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
- Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third.
- Mabberley, D. J. 2008. Mabberley's plant-book: a portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses, ed. 3 428. Note: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
- Meyer, F. G. et al. 1994. A catalog of cultivated woody plants of the southeastern United States
- Munro, D. B. Canadian poisonous plants information system (on-line resource). URL: http://www.cbif.gc.ca/pls/pp/poison?p_x=px
- Personal Care Products Council. INCI URL: http://www.personalcarecouncil.org/public/what-inci
- Rehder, A. 1949. Bibliography of cultivated trees and shrubs.
- Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
- Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
- 2018. Mid-Atlantic invasive plant species (on-line resource)
Common names
English
English holly – holly – French
houx commun – German
gewöhnliche Stechpalme – Hülse – Swedish
järnek –
Distribution
order_code | Status | Continent | Subcontinent | Country | State | Note |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Algeria | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Morocco | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Tunisia | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Iran | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Lebanon | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Syria | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Turkey | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Northern Europe | United Kingdom | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Albania | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Bosnia and Herzegovina | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Bulgaria | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Croatia | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Italy | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Montenegro | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | North Macedonia | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Serbia | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Slovenia | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southwestern Europe | France | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southwestern Europe | Portugal | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southwestern Europe | Spain | | |
2 | Cultivated | | | | | also cult. |
4 | Naturalized | Australasia | Australia | Australia | | |
4 | Naturalized | Australasia | New Zealand | New Zealand | | |
4 | Naturalized | Northern America | | United States | | w. |
4 | Naturalized | Pacific | North-Central Pacific | United States | Hawaii | |
Native
Africa
-
NORTHERN AFRICA:
Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia
Asia-Temperate
-
WESTERN ASIA:
Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey
Europe
-
NORTHERN EUROPE:
United Kingdom
-
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE:
Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia
-
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE:
Spain, France, Portugal
Cultivated
(also cult.)
Naturalized
Australasia
-
AUSTRALIA:
Australia
-
NEW ZEALAND:
New Zealand
Northern America
-
REGION:
United States (w.)
Pacific
-
NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC:
United States [Hawaii]
Economic Uses
Usage | Type | Note | Reference |
Environmental | ornamental | | Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia |
Environmental | ornamental | | Galle, F. C. 1997. Hollies. The genus Ilex Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. |
Environmental | ornamental | | Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds |
Medicines | folklore | | Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs |
Social | religious/secular | a decorative plant during the December holidays | Mabberley, D. J. 2008. Mabberley's plant-book: a portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses, ed. 3 428. Note: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge |
Vertebrate poisons | mammals | | Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson. 1998. Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning Note: poisonous |
Vertebrate poisons | mammals | | Lampe, K. F. & M. A. McCann. 1985. AMA handbook of poisonous and injurious plants Note: poisonous |
Weed | potential seed contaminant | fide Rep NCEPPC; Invasive Pl Spec | International Seed Testing Association. 1988. International Seed Testing Association list of stabilized plant names Note: Ilex aquifolium L. |