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Taxon:
Paspalum distichum
L.
Nomenclature
Common Names
Distribution
Economic Uses
Summary
Genus:
Paspalum
Family:
Poaceae
(alt. Gramineae)
Subfamily:
Panicoideae
Tribe:
Paspaleae
Subtribe:
Paspalinae
Nomen number:
26845
Place of publication:
Syst. nat. ed. 10, 2:855. 1759
Comment:
controversy over typification resolved in Taxon 32:281. 1983
Typification:
View in Linnean Typification Project
Verified:
05/11/1992
ARS Systematic Botanists.
Accessions:
0
(
0
active,
0
available)
in National Plant Germplasm System.
Other conspecific taxa
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Digitaria paspalodes
Michx.
Paspalum paspalodes
(Michx.) Scribn.
No images
Reference(s)
Adams, C.
1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica
Allan, H. H. B. et al.
1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
URL:
http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx
Botanical Society of the British Isles.
BSBI taxon database (on-line resource).
URL:
http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/BSBI/taxonsearch.php
Boulos, L.
1999-. Flora of Egypt
Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi.
1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
Brummitt, R. K.
1983. Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 25. Taxon 32:281.
URL:
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax
Note:
proposal to reject
Paspalum distichum
L. not recommended, lectotypification also fixed
Catasús Guerra, L. J.
2002. Las gramíneas (Poaceae) de Cuba, II. Cavanillesia Altera 3:1-163.
CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland.
Documenta CIBA-GEIGY (Grass weeds 1. 1980, 2. 1981; Monocot weeds 3. 1982; Dicot weeds 1. 1988)
Note:
four books on weeds worldwide in scope
Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds.
1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
Davidse, G. et al., eds.
1994. Flora mesoamericana.
Davis, P. H., ed.
1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
Note:
rejects as nom. confus., accepting P. paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn.
Euro+Med Editorial Committee.
Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
URL:
http://www.emplantbase.org/home.html
Exell, A. W. et al., eds.
1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
URL:
http://www.kew.org/efloras/namesearch.do
FNA Editorial Committee.
1993-. Flora of North America.
URL:
http://floranorthamerica.org/
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
URL:
http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropListDetails?code=&relation=beginsWith&name=Paspalum+distichum&quantity=1
Forzza, R. C. et al., coord.
Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
URL:
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/
George, A. S., ed.
1980-. Flora of Australia.
Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds.
2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14
Gibbs-Russell, G. E. et al.
1990. Grasses of southern Africa. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa vol. 58
Groth, D.
2005. pers. comm.
Note:
re. Brazilian common names
Herrera-Arrieta, Y.
2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
Holm, L. et al.
1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds
Holm, L. et al.
1997. World weeds: natural histories and distribution John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 568.
Howard, R.
1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
Hubbard, C. E. & R. E. Vaughan.
1940. The grasses of Mauritius and Rodriguez.
Koning, R. de & M. S. M. Sosef.
1985. The Malesian species of
Paspalum
L. (Gramineae). Blumea 30:295-297.
URL:
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea
Koyama, T.
1987. Grasses of Japan and its neighboring regions
Lazarides, M. & B. Hince.
1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
León (J. S. Sauget) & Alain (E. E. Liogier).
1946-1969. Flora de Cuba
Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell.
2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis, ed. 2.
Markle, G. M. et al., eds.
1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
McVaugh, R.
1983-. Flora Novo-Galiciana.
Migahid, A. M.
1988-1990. Flora of Saudi Arabia, ed. 3.
Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds.
1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
Note:
rejects as nom. confus., accepting P. paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn.
Porcher, M. H. et al.
Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
URL:
http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Frontpage.html
Rehm, S.
1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Renvoize, S. A. & W. D. Clayton.
1980. (528) Proposal to reject the name
Paspalum distichum
L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10,2:855 (1759). Taxon 29:339-340.
URL:
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax
Sell, P. & G. Murrell.
1996-. Flora of Great Britain and Ireland.
Sreekumar, P. V. & V. J. Nair.
1991. Flora of Kerala - grasses.
Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark.
1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
Stevens, W. D. et al., eds.
2001. Flora de Nicaragua. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1-3).
't Mannetje, L. & R. M. Jones, eds.
1992. Forages. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 4:180.
URL:
http://proseanet.org
Tovar, Ó.
1993. Las gramíneas (Poaceae) del Perú. Ruizia 13:360-361.
Virginia Botanical Associates.
Digital atlas of the Virginia flora (on-line resource).
URL:
http://www.vaplantatlas.org/
Weber, E.
2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds.
1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
URL:
http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2
Zuloaga, F. O. et al.
1994. Catálogo de la familia Poaceae en la República Argentina. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47
Zuloaga, F. O. et al.
2003. Catalogue of New World grasses (Poaceae): III. Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46:463.
1961. Webster's third new international dictionary.
Common names
English
couch paspalum –
Reference(s)
eternity grass –
Reference(s)
ginger grass –
Reference(s)
joint grass –
Reference(s)
knotgrass –
Reference(s)
Mercer grass –
Reference(s)
seaside millet –
Reference(s)
Thompson grass –
Reference(s)
water couch –
Reference(s)
water-finger grass –
Reference(s)
Arabic
moddeid –
Reference(s)
Japanese Rōmaji
kishū-suzume-no-hie –
Reference(s)
Portuguese
grama-de-Joanópolis –
Reference(s)
Portuguese (Brazil)
capim-arame –
Reference(s)
grama-braba –
Reference(s)
grama-da-praia –
Reference(s)
grama-doce –
Reference(s)
grama-rasteira-da-praia –
Reference(s)
Spanish
grama colorada –
Reference(s)
gramilla blanca –
Reference(s)
Transcribed Chinese
shuang sui que bai –
Reference(s)
Distribution
Exportable format
order_code
Status
Continent
Subcontinent
Country
State
Note
1
Native
Northern America
North-Central U.S.A.
United States
Kansas
s.
1
Native
Northern America
North-Central U.S.A.
United States
Missouri
1
Native
Northern America
North-Central U.S.A.
United States
Oklahoma
1
Native
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
New Jersey
1
Native
Northern America
Northern Mexico
Mexico
Baja California (Norte)
1
Native
Northern America
Northern Mexico
Mexico
Baja California Sur
1
Native
Northern America
Northern Mexico
Mexico
Chihuahua
1
Native
Northern America
Northern Mexico
Mexico
Coahuila de Zaragoza
1
Native
Northern America
Northern Mexico
Mexico
Durango
1
Native
Northern America
Northern Mexico
Mexico
Nuevo León
1
Native
Northern America
Northern Mexico
Mexico
San Luis Potosí
1
Native
Northern America
Northern Mexico
Mexico
Sonora
1
Native
Northern America
Northern Mexico
Mexico
Zacatecas
1
Native
Northern America
Northwestern U.S.A.
United States
Idaho
w.
1
Native
Northern America
Northwestern U.S.A.
United States
Oregon
1
Native
Northern America
Northwestern U.S.A.
United States
Washington
1
Native
Northern America
South-Central U.S.A.
United States
New Mexico
1
Native
Northern America
South-Central U.S.A.
United States
Texas
1
Native
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Alabama
1
Native
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Arkansas
1
Native
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Florida
1
Native
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Georgia
1
Native
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Kentucky
w.
1
Native
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Louisiana
1
Native
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Mississippi
1
Native
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
North Carolina
1
Native
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
South Carolina
1
Native
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Tennessee
1
Native
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Virginia
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Aguascalientes
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Chiapas
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Ciudad de México
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Guanajuato
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Hidalgo
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Jalisco
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
México
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Michoacán de Ocampo
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Morelos
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Oaxaca
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Puebla
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Querétaro
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Tabasco
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave
1
Native
Northern America
Southwestern U.S.A.
United States
Arizona
1
Native
Northern America
Southwestern U.S.A.
United States
California
1
Native
Northern America
Southwestern U.S.A.
United States
Nevada
1
Native
Northern America
Southwestern U.S.A.
United States
Utah
1
Native
Southern America
Brazil
Brazil
Bahia
1
Native
Southern America
Brazil
Brazil
Mato Grosso do Sul
1
Native
Southern America
Brazil
Brazil
Minas Gerais
1
Native
Southern America
Brazil
Brazil
Pará
1
Native
Southern America
Brazil
Brazil
Paraná
1
Native
Southern America
Brazil
Brazil
Pernambuco
1
Native
Southern America
Brazil
Brazil
Rio Grande do Sul
1
Native
Southern America
Brazil
Brazil
Santa Catarina
1
Native
Southern America
Brazil
Brazil
São Paulo
1
Native
Southern America
Brazil
Brazil
Sergipe
1
Native
Southern America
Caribbean
Cuba
1
Native
Southern America
Caribbean
Dominica
1
Native
Southern America
Caribbean
Grenada
1
Native
Southern America
Caribbean
Guadeloupe
1
Native
Southern America
Caribbean
Hispaniola
1
Native
Southern America
Caribbean
Jamaica
1
Native
Southern America
Caribbean
Martinique
1
Native
Southern America
Caribbean
St. Lucia
1
Native
Southern America
Caribbean
St. Vincent and Grenadines
Saint Vincent
1
Native
Southern America
Caribbean
United States
Puerto Rico
1
Native
Southern America
Central America
Costa Rica
1
Native
Southern America
Central America
El Salvador
1
Native
Southern America
Central America
Guatemala
1
Native
Southern America
Central America
Honduras
1
Native
Southern America
Central America
Nicaragua
1
Native
Southern America
Northern South America
French Guiana
1
Native
Southern America
Northern South America
Guyana
1
Native
Southern America
Northern South America
Suriname
1
Native
Southern America
Northern South America
Venezuela
1
Native
Southern America
Southern South America
Argentina
1
Native
Southern America
Southern South America
Chile
1
Native
Southern America
Southern South America
Paraguay
1
Native
Southern America
Southern South America
Uruguay
1
Native
Southern America
Western South America
Bolivia
1
Native
Southern America
Western South America
Colombia
1
Native
Southern America
Western South America
Ecuador
1
Native
Southern America
Western South America
Peru
4
Naturalized
Africa
Macaronesia
Portugal
Azores
4
Naturalized
Africa
Macaronesia
Portugal
Madeira Islands
4
Naturalized
Africa
Macaronesia
Spain
Canary Islands
4
Naturalized
Africa
Northern Africa
Algeria
4
Naturalized
Africa
Northern Africa
Egypt
4
Naturalized
Africa
Northern Africa
Libya
4
Naturalized
Africa
Northern Africa
Morocco
4
Naturalized
Africa
Northern Africa
Tunisia
4
Naturalized
Africa
South Tropical Africa
Zimbabwe
4
Naturalized
Africa
Southern Africa
Eswatini
4
Naturalized
Africa
Southern Africa
Lesotho
4
Naturalized
Africa
Southern Africa
Namibia
4
Naturalized
Africa
Southern Africa
South Africa
Eastern Cape
4
Naturalized
Africa
Southern Africa
South Africa
Free State
4
Naturalized
Africa
Southern Africa
South Africa
Gauteng
4
Naturalized
Africa
Southern Africa
South Africa
KwaZulu-Natal
4
Naturalized
Africa
Southern Africa
South Africa
Limpopo
4
Naturalized
Africa
Southern Africa
South Africa
Mpumalanga
4
Naturalized
Africa
Southern Africa
South Africa
Northern Cape
4
Naturalized
Africa
Southern Africa
South Africa
North-West
4
Naturalized
Africa
Southern Africa
South Africa
Western Cape
4
Naturalized
Africa
Western Indian Ocean
Mauritius
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
Arabian Peninsula
Saudi Arabia
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
Caucasus
Azerbaijan
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
China
China
Anhui Sheng
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
China
China
Fujian Sheng
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
China
China
Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
China
China
Hainan Sheng
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
China
China
Henan Sheng
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
China
China
Hubei Sheng
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
China
China
Hunan Sheng
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
China
China
Jiangsu Sheng
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
China
China
Shandong Sheng
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
China
China
Sichuan Sheng
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
China
China
Yunnan Sheng
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
China
China
Zhejiang Sheng
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
Eastern Asia
Japan
Kyushu
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
Eastern Asia
Japan
Ryukyu Islands
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
Eastern Asia
Japan
Shikoku
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
Eastern Asia
Taiwan
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Cyprus
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Egypt
Sinai
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Iran
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Iraq
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Israel
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Lebanon
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Syria
4
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Turkey
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
Bangladesh
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
India
Assam
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
India
Bihar
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
India
Delhi
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
India
Himachal Pradesh
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
India
Jammu and Kashmir
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
India
Kerala
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
India
Maharashtra
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
India
Manipur
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
India
Meghalaya
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
India
Nagaland
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
India
Uttar Pradesh
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
India
West Bengal
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
Nepal
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
Pakistan
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
Sri Lanka
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Indo-China
India
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Indo-China
Laos
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Indo-China
Thailand
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Indo-China
Vietnam
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Malesia
Indonesia
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Malesia
Malaysia
4
Naturalized
Asia-Tropical
Malesia
Philippines
4
Naturalized
Australasia
Australia
Australia
4
Naturalized
Australasia
New Zealand
New Zealand
4
Naturalized
Europe
Eastern Europe
Ukraine
Krym
4
Naturalized
Europe
Northern Europe
United Kingdom
4
Naturalized
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Albania
4
Naturalized
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Bulgaria
4
Naturalized
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Croatia
4
Naturalized
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Greece
incl. Crete
4
Naturalized
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Italy
incl. Sardinia, Sicily
4
Naturalized
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Slovenia
4
Naturalized
Europe
Southwestern Europe
France
incl. Corsica
4
Naturalized
Europe
Southwestern Europe
Portugal
4
Naturalized
Europe
Southwestern Europe
Spain
incl. Baleares
4
Naturalized
Pacific
Northwestern Pacific
Micronesia
6
Other
exact native range obscure, probable origin neotropics
Native
Northern America
NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.:
United States
[New Jersey]
NORTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.:
United States
[Kansas (s.), Missouri, Oklahoma]
NORTHWESTERN U.S.A.:
United States
[Idaho (w.), Oregon, Washington]
SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.:
United States
[Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky (w.), Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia]
SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.:
United States
[New Mexico, Texas]
SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.:
United States
[Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah]
NORTHERN MEXICO:
Mexico
[Chihuahua, Coahuila de Zaragoza, Durango, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Zacatecas, Baja California (Norte), Baja California Sur]
SOUTHERN MEXICO:
Mexico
[Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán de Ocampo, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, Tabasco, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, Ciudad de México]
Southern America
CARIBBEAN:
Hispaniola
,
Cuba
,
Dominica
,
Guadeloupe
,
Grenada
,
Jamaica
,
St. Lucia
,
Martinique
,
United States
[Puerto Rico],
St. Vincent and Grenadines
[Saint Vincent]
CENTRAL AMERICA:
Costa Rica
,
Guatemala
,
Honduras
,
Nicaragua
,
El Salvador
NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA:
French Guiana
,
Guyana
,
Suriname
,
Venezuela
BRAZIL:
Brazil
[Bahia, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe]
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA:
Bolivia
,
Colombia
,
Ecuador
,
Peru
SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA:
Argentina
,
Chile
,
Paraguay
,
Uruguay
Naturalized
Africa
MACARONESIA:
Spain
[Canary Islands],
Portugal
[Azores, Madeira Islands]
NORTHERN AFRICA:
Algeria
,
Egypt
,
Libya
,
Morocco
,
Tunisia
SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA:
Zimbabwe
SOUTHERN AFRICA:
Lesotho
,
Namibia
,
Eswatini
,
South Africa
[KwaZulu-Natal, Free State, Eastern Cape, Northern Cape, Western Cape, Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North-West]
WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN:
Mauritius
Asia-Temperate
ARABIAN PENINSULA:
Saudi Arabia
WESTERN ASIA:
Cyprus
,
Egypt
[Sinai],
Iran
,
Iraq
,
Israel
,
Lebanon
,
Syria
,
Turkey
CAUCASUS:
Azerbaijan
CHINA:
China
[Anhui Sheng, Zhejiang Sheng, Fujian Sheng, Henan Sheng, Hunan Sheng, Hubei Sheng, Jiangsu Sheng, Shandong Sheng, Sichuan Sheng, Yunnan Sheng, Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu, Hainan Sheng]
EASTERN ASIA:
Japan
[Kyushu, Ryukyu Islands, Shikoku],
Taiwan
Asia-Tropical
INDIAN SUBCONTINENT:
Bangladesh
,
India
[Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Kerala, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi],
Sri Lanka
,
Nepal
,
Pakistan
INDO-CHINA:
India
[Andaman and Nicobar Islands],
Laos
,
Thailand
,
Vietnam
MALESIA:
Indonesia
,
Malaysia
,
Philippines
Australasia
AUSTRALIA:
Australia
NEW ZEALAND:
New Zealand
Europe
NORTHERN EUROPE:
United Kingdom
EASTERN EUROPE:
Ukraine
[Krym]
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE:
Albania
,
Bulgaria
,
Greece
(incl. Crete),
Croatia
,
Italy
(incl. Sardinia, Sicily),
Slovenia
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE:
Spain
(incl. Baleares),
France
(incl. Corsica),
Portugal
Pacific
NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC:
Micronesia
Other
(exact native range obscure, probable origin neotropics)
Economic Uses
Usage
Type
Note
Reference
Animal food
fodder
't Mannetje, L. & R. M. Jones, eds.
1992. Forages. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 4:180.
URL:
http://proseanet.org
Animal food
forage
't Mannetje, L. & R. M. Jones, eds.
1992. Forages. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 4:180.
URL:
http://proseanet.org
Environmental
erosion control
't Mannetje, L. & R. M. Jones, eds.
1992. Forages. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 4:180.
URL:
http://proseanet.org
Environmental
erosion control
Gibbs-Russell, G. E. et al.
1990. Grasses of southern Africa. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa vol. 58
Environmental
erosion control
Weber, E.
2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
Harmful organism host
crop diseases
mostly of rice fide WorldWeeds 568. 1997
Holm, L. et al.
1997. World weeds: natural histories and distribution John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 568.
Harmful organism host
crop pests
mostly of rice fide WorldWeeds 568. 1997
Holm, L. et al.
1997. World weeds: natural histories and distribution John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 568.
Vertebrate poisons
mammals
Lazarides, M. & B. Hince.
1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
Weed
potential seed contaminant
Holm, L. et al.
1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds
Weed
potential seed contaminant
Weber, E.
2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
Name
References