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Version: 2.1.0.0
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Taxon:
Phragmites australis
(Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.
Nomenclature
Common Names
Distribution
Economic Uses
Summary
Genus:
Phragmites
Family:
Poaceae
(alt. Gramineae)
Subfamily:
Arundinoideae
Tribe:
Molinieae
Nomen number:
28091
Place of publication:
Nomencl. bot. ed. 2, 1:143. 1840; 2:324. 1841
Verified:
08/18/2006
ARS Systematic Botanists.
Accessions:
0
(
0
active,
0
available)
in National Plant Germplasm System.
Other conspecific taxa
Phragmites australis
(Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. subsp.
altissimus
(Benth.) Clayton
(0 active accession[s])
Phragmites australis
(Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. subsp.
americanus
Saltonstall
(0 active accession[s])
Phragmites australis
(Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. subsp.
australis
(0 active accession[s])
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Arundo phragmites
L.
Arundo vulgaris
Lam.
Phragmites communis
Trin.
Phragmites communis
Trin. var.
communis
Phragmites communis
Trin. var.
longivalvis
(Steud.) Miq.
Phragmites longivalvis
Steud.
Phragmites vulgaris
(Lam.) Crép.
Phragmites vulgaris
(Lam.) Crép. var.
longivalvis
(Steud.) W. Wight
Phragmites vulgaris
(Lam.) Crép. var.
vulgaris
No images
Reference(s)
Adams, C.
1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica
Ali, S. I. & S. M. H. Jafri, eds.
1976-. Flora of Libya.
Arechavaleta, M. et al., eds.
2005. Lista preliminar de especies silvestres de Cabo Verde: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres
URL:
http://www.azoresbioportal.angra.uac.pt/files/noticias_Check_List_Cabo_Verde.pdf
Boulos, L. & M. N. El-Hadidi.
1984. The weeds of Egypt.
Boulos, L.
1995. Flora of Egypt checklist.
Boulos, L.
1999-. Flora of Egypt
Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi.
1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
Chinese Academy of Sciences.
1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland.
Documenta CIBA-GEIGY (Grass weeds 1. 1980, 2. 1981; Monocot weeds 3. 1982; Dicot weeds 1. 1988)
Note:
four books on weeds worldwide in scope
Correll, D. S. & H. B. Correll.
1982. Flora of the Bahama archipelago.
Darbyshire, S. J.
2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 38.
Davidse, G. et al., eds.
1994. Flora mesoamericana.
Davis, P. H., ed.
1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
Duke, J. A. et al.
2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
Englert, J. M. et al.
1999-. USDA-NRCS Improved conservation plant materials released by NRCS and cooperators
Euro+Med Editorial Committee.
Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
URL:
http://www.emplantbase.org/home.html
Exell, A. W. et al., eds.
1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
URL:
http://www.kew.org/efloras/namesearch.do
Fedorov, A. A., ed.
1999-. Flora of Russia. The European part and bordering regions (Engl. transl.).
FNA Editorial Committee.
1993-. Flora of North America.
URL:
http://floranorthamerica.org/
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
URL:
http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropListDetails?code=&relation=beginsWith&name=Phragmites+australis&quantity=1
George, A. S., ed.
1980-. Flora of Australia.
Gibbs-Russell, G. E. et al.
1990. Grasses of southern Africa. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa vol. 58
Giraldo-Cañas, D.
2011. Catálogo de la familia Poaceae en Colombia. Darwiniana 49:139-247.
Görts-van Rijn, A. R. A., ed.
1986-. Flora of the Guianas.
Hansen, A. & P. Sunding.
1993. Flora of Macaronesia: checklist of vascular plants, ed. 4. Sommerfeltia vol. 17.
Herrera-Arrieta, Y.
2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
Howard, R.
1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion.
2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
URL:
http://www2.darwin.edu.ar/Proyectos/FloraArgentina/FA.asp
Izquierdo Z., I. et al., eds.
2004. Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres
URL:
http://www.gobcan.es/cmayot/interreg/atlantico/documentos/LESDCanarias.pdf
Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds.
1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
Kartesz, J. T.
1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland.
Kharkevich, S. S., ed.
1985. Vascular plants of the Russian Far East.
Note:
also cited as "Vascular plants of the Soviet Far East", and "Sosud. Rast. Sovet. Dal'nego Vostoka"
Krasnoborov, I. M., ed.
2000-. Flora of Siberia (English translation)
Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell.
2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis, ed. 2.
Mal, T. K. & L. Narine.
2004. The biology of Canadian weeds. 129.
Phragmites australis
(Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Canad. J. Pl. Sci. 84:365-396.
McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker.
2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Meikle, R. D.
1977-1985. Flora of Cyprus.
Mun-Chan, B. et al.
1986. A checklist of the Korean cultivated plants. Kulturpflanze 34:117.
Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds.
1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
Norton, J. et al.
2009. Illustrated checklist of the flora of Qatar.
URL:
http://www.unesco.org/new/uploads/media/Plant_Species_Checklist_of_Qatar.pdf
Ostendorp, W.
1996. Estimation of mechanical resistance of lakeside
Phragmites
stands. Aquatic Bot. 51:87-101.
Personal Care Products Council.
INCI
URL:
http://www.personalcarecouncil.org/public/what-inci
Rehm, S.
1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Renvoize, S. A.
1998. Gramineas de Bolivia
Saltonstall, K. et al.
2004. Recognition of
Phragmites australis
subsp.
americanus
(Poaceae: Arundinoideae) in North America: evidence from morphological and genetic analyses. Sida 21:683-692.
URL:
http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/8113#/summary
Saltonstall, K.
2011. Remnant native
Phragmites australis
maintains genetic diversity despite multiple threats. Conservation Genet. 12:1027-1033.
URL:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/105709/
Sell, P. & G. Murrell.
1996-. Flora of Great Britain and Ireland.
Skvortsov, A. K., ed.
2006. Flora of the Lower Volga region 1:181.
Steyermark, J. A. et al., eds.
1995-. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana.
Note:
Missouri Botanical Garden & Timber Press
Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest.
1966-. Flora of Iraq.
Tzvelev, N. N.
1976. Zlaki SSSR
Ugarte, E. et al.
2011. Vascular alien flora, Chile. Check List 7:365-380.
URL:
http://www.checklist.org.br/
USDA National Agricultural Library.
National Invasive Species Information Center (on-line resource).
URL:
http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatics/commonreed.shtml
Valdés, B. et al., eds.
2002. Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du nord du Maroc, incluant des clés d'identification
Weber, E.
2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
Wood, J. R. I.
1997. A handbook of the Yemen flora.
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds.
1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
URL:
http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2
Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan.
1966-. Flora palaestina.
Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds.
1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
Zuloaga, F. O. et al.
2003. Catalogue of New World grasses (Poaceae): III. Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46:537.
1961. Webster's third new international dictionary.
Plants of southern Africa: an online checklist.
URL:
http://posa.sanbi.org/searchspp.php
Common names
English
common reed –
Reference(s)
ditch reed –
Reference(s)
giant reed –
Reference(s)
phragmites –
Reference(s)
reed grass –
Reference(s)
Arabic
bous –
Reference(s)
ghab –
Reference(s)
qassab –
Reference(s)
English (Canada)
common reed –
Reference(s)
French
phragmite commun –
Reference(s)
roseau commun –
Reference(s)
French (Canada)
roseau commun –
Reference(s)
German
Schilf –
Reference(s)
Schilfrohr –
Reference(s)
Portuguese
caniço –
Reference(s)
Spanish
carrizo común –
Reference(s)
Transcribed Korean
galdae –
Reference(s)
Distribution
Exportable format
order_code
Status
Continent
Subcontinent
Country
State
Note
1
Native
Africa
East Tropical Africa
Kenya
1
Native
Africa
Macaronesia
Cabo Verde
1
Native
Africa
Macaronesia
Portugal
Madeira Islands
1
Native
Africa
Macaronesia
Spain
Canary Islands
1
Native
Africa
Northeast Tropical Africa
Chad
1
Native
Africa
Northeast Tropical Africa
Eritrea
1
Native
Africa
Northeast Tropical Africa
Ethiopia
1
Native
Africa
Northeast Tropical Africa
Somalia
1
Native
Africa
Northeast Tropical Africa
Sudan
1
Native
Africa
Northern Africa
Algeria
1
Native
Africa
Northern Africa
Egypt
1
Native
Africa
Northern Africa
Libya
1
Native
Africa
Northern Africa
Morocco
1
Native
Africa
Northern Africa
Tunisia
1
Native
Africa
South Tropical Africa
Mozambique
1
Native
Africa
South Tropical Africa
Zambia
1
Native
Africa
South Tropical Africa
Zimbabwe
1
Native
Africa
Southern Africa
Botswana
1
Native
Africa
Southern Africa
Eswatini
1
Native
Africa
Southern Africa
Lesotho
1
Native
Africa
Southern Africa
Namibia
1
Native
Africa
Southern Africa
South Africa
Cape Province
1
Native
Africa
Southern Africa
South Africa
Free State
1
Native
Africa
Southern Africa
South Africa
KwaZulu-Natal
1
Native
Africa
Southern Africa
South Africa
Transvaal
1
Native
Africa
West Tropical Africa
Gambia
1
Native
Africa
West Tropical Africa
Niger
1
Native
Africa
West Tropical Africa
Nigeria
1
Native
Africa
West Tropical Africa
Senegal
1
Native
Africa
West-Central Tropical Africa
Cameroon
n.
1
Native
Africa
Western Indian Ocean
Madagascar
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Arabian Peninsula
Bahrain
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Arabian Peninsula
Kuwait
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Arabian Peninsula
Yemen
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Caucasus
Armenia
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Caucasus
Azerbaijan
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Caucasus
Russian Federation
Checheno-Ingushetia
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Caucasus
Russian Federation
Dagestan
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Caucasus
Russian Federation
Kabardino-Balkaria
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Caucasus
Russian Federation
Karachay-Cherkessia
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Caucasus
Russian Federation
Krasnodar
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Caucasus
Russian Federation
North Ossetia
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Caucasus
Russian Federation
Stavropol
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
China
China
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Eastern Asia
Japan
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Eastern Asia
Korea
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Middle Asia
Kazakhstan
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Middle Asia
Kyrgyzstan
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Middle Asia
Tajikistan
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Middle Asia
Turkmenistan
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Middle Asia
Uzbekistan
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Mongolia
Mongolia
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Russian Far East
Russian Federation
Amur
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Russian Far East
Russian Federation
Kamchatka
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Russian Far East
Russian Federation
Khabarovsk
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Russian Far East
Russian Federation
Primorye
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Russian Far East
Russian Federation
Sakhalin
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Siberia
Russian Federation
Altay
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Siberia
Russian Federation
Buryatia
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Siberia
Russian Federation
Chita
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Siberia
Russian Federation
Gorno-Altay
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Siberia
Russian Federation
Irkutsk
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Siberia
Russian Federation
Kemerovo
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Siberia
Russian Federation
Krasnoyarsk
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Siberia
Russian Federation
Kurgan
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Siberia
Russian Federation
Novosibirsk
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Siberia
Russian Federation
Omsk
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Siberia
Russian Federation
Tomsk
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Siberia
Russian Federation
Tuva
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Siberia
Russian Federation
Tyumen
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Siberia
Russian Federation
Yakutia-Sakha
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Afghanistan
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Cyprus
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Iran
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Iraq
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Israel
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Jordan
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Lebanon
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Syria
1
Native
Asia-Temperate
Western Asia
Turkey
1
Native
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
Pakistan
1
Native
Australasia
Australia
Australia
New South Wales
1
Native
Australasia
Australia
Australia
Northern Territory
1
Native
Australasia
Australia
Australia
Queensland
1
Native
Australasia
Australia
Australia
South Australia
1
Native
Australasia
Australia
Australia
Tasmania
1
Native
Australasia
Australia
Australia
Victoria
1
Native
Australasia
Australia
Australia
Western Australia
s.
1
Native
Europe
Eastern Europe
Belarus
1
Native
Europe
Eastern Europe
Estonia
1
Native
Europe
Eastern Europe
Latvia
1
Native
Europe
Eastern Europe
Lithuania
1
Native
Europe
Eastern Europe
Moldova
1
Native
Europe
Eastern Europe
Russian Federation
Astrakhan
1
Native
Europe
Eastern Europe
Russian Federation
Kalmykia
1
Native
Europe
Eastern Europe
Russian Federation
Rostov
1
Native
Europe
Eastern Europe
Russian Federation
Saratov
1
Native
Europe
Eastern Europe
Russian Federation
Volgograd
1
Native
Europe
Eastern Europe
Russian Federation-European part
European part
1
Native
Europe
Eastern Europe
Ukraine
incl. Krym
1
Native
Europe
Middle Europe
Austria
1
Native
Europe
Middle Europe
Belgium
1
Native
Europe
Middle Europe
Czech Republic
1
Native
Europe
Middle Europe
Germany
1
Native
Europe
Middle Europe
Hungary
1
Native
Europe
Middle Europe
Netherlands
1
Native
Europe
Middle Europe
Poland
1
Native
Europe
Middle Europe
Slovakia
1
Native
Europe
Middle Europe
Switzerland
1
Native
Europe
Northern Europe
Denmark
1
Native
Europe
Northern Europe
Finland
1
Native
Europe
Northern Europe
Ireland
1
Native
Europe
Northern Europe
Norway
1
Native
Europe
Northern Europe
Sweden
1
Native
Europe
Northern Europe
United Kingdom
1
Native
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Albania
1
Native
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Bosnia and Herzegovina
1
Native
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Bulgaria
1
Native
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Croatia
1
Native
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Greece
incl. Crete
1
Native
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Italy
incl. Sardinia, Sicily
1
Native
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Montenegro
1
Native
Europe
Southeastern Europe
North Macedonia
1
Native
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Romania
1
Native
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Serbia
1
Native
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Slovenia
1
Native
Europe
Southwestern Europe
France
incl. Corsica
1
Native
Europe
Southwestern Europe
Portugal
1
Native
Europe
Southwestern Europe
Spain
incl. Baleares
1
Native
Northern America
Eastern Canada
Canada
New Brunswick
1
Native
Northern America
Eastern Canada
Canada
Newfoundland and Labrador
1
Native
Northern America
Eastern Canada
Canada
Nova Scotia
1
Native
Northern America
Eastern Canada
Canada
Ontario
1
Native
Northern America
Eastern Canada
Canada
Québec
1
Native
Northern America
North-Central U.S.A.
United States
Illinois
1
Native
Northern America
North-Central U.S.A.
United States
Iowa
1
Native
Northern America
North-Central U.S.A.
United States
Kansas
1
Native
Northern America
North-Central U.S.A.
United States
Minnesota
1
Native
Northern America
North-Central U.S.A.
United States
Missouri
1
Native
Northern America
North-Central U.S.A.
United States
Nebraska
1
Native
Northern America
North-Central U.S.A.
United States
North Dakota
1
Native
Northern America
North-Central U.S.A.
United States
Oklahoma
1
Native
Northern America
North-Central U.S.A.
United States
South Dakota
1
Native
Northern America
North-Central U.S.A.
United States
Wisconsin
1
Native
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
Connecticut
1
Native
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
Indiana
1
Native
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
Maine
1
Native
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
Massachusetts
1
Native
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
Michigan
1
Native
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
New Hampshire
1
Native
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
New Jersey
1
Native
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
New York
1
Native
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
Ohio
1
Native
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
Pennsylvania
1
Native
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
Rhode Island
1
Native
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
Vermont
1
Native
Northern America
Northeastern U.S.A.
United States
West Virginia
1
Native
Northern America
Northern Mexico
Mexico
Baja California (Norte)
1
Native
Northern America
Northern Mexico
Mexico
Baja California Sur
1
Native
Northern America
Northern Mexico
Mexico
Chihuahua
1
Native
Northern America
Northern Mexico
Mexico
Coahuila de Zaragoza
1
Native
Northern America
Northern Mexico
Mexico
Durango
1
Native
Northern America
Northern Mexico
Mexico
Nuevo León
1
Native
Northern America
Northern Mexico
Mexico
Tamaulipas
1
Native
Northern America
Northwestern U.S.A.
United States
Colorado
1
Native
Northern America
Northwestern U.S.A.
United States
Idaho
1
Native
Northern America
Northwestern U.S.A.
United States
Oregon
1
Native
Northern America
Northwestern U.S.A.
United States
Washington
1
Native
Northern America
Northwestern U.S.A.
United States
Wyoming
1
Native
Northern America
South-Central U.S.A.
United States
New Mexico
1
Native
Northern America
South-Central U.S.A.
United States
Texas
1
Native
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Alabama
1
Native
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Arkansas
n.
1
Native
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Delaware
1
Native
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Florida
1
Native
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Kentucky
1
Native
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Louisiana
1
Native
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Maryland
1
Native
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
Mississippi
1
Native
Northern America
Southeastern U.S.A.
United States
North Carolina
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Campeche
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Chiapas
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Colima
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Guanajuato
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Jalisco
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Michoacán de Ocampo
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Morelos
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Nayarit
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Puebla
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Quintana Roo
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Tabasco
1
Native
Northern America
Southern Mexico
Mexico
Yucatán
1
Native
Northern America
Southwestern U.S.A.
United States
Arizona
1
Native
Northern America
Southwestern U.S.A.
United States
California
1
Native
Northern America
Southwestern U.S.A.
United States
Nevada
1
Native
Northern America
Southwestern U.S.A.
United States
Utah
1
Native
Northern America
Subarctic America
Canada
Northwest Territories
s.w.
1
Native
Northern America
Western Canada
Canada
Alberta
1
Native
Northern America
Western Canada
Canada
British Columbia
1
Native
Northern America
Western Canada
Canada
Manitoba
1
Native
Northern America
Western Canada
Canada
Saskatchewan
1
Native
Southern America
Caribbean
Bahamas
1
Native
Southern America
Caribbean
Dominican Republic
1
Native
Southern America
Caribbean
Guadeloupe
1
Native
Southern America
Caribbean
Haiti
1
Native
Southern America
Caribbean
Jamaica
1
Native
Southern America
Caribbean
Martinique
1
Native
Southern America
Caribbean
St. Lucia
1
Native
Southern America
Caribbean
United States
Puerto Rico
1
Native
Southern America
Central America
Belize
1
Native
Southern America
Central America
Costa Rica
1
Native
Southern America
Central America
El Salvador
1
Native
Southern America
Central America
Guatemala
1
Native
Southern America
Central America
Honduras
1
Native
Southern America
Central America
Nicaragua
1
Native
Southern America
Central America
Panama
1
Native
Southern America
Northern South America
French Guiana
1
Native
Southern America
Northern South America
Guyana
1
Native
Southern America
Northern South America
Suriname
1
Native
Southern America
Northern South America
Venezuela
1
Native
Southern America
Southern South America
Argentina
1
Native
Southern America
Southern South America
Chile
1
Native
Southern America
Southern South America
Uruguay
1
Native
Southern America
Western South America
Bolivia
1
Native
Southern America
Western South America
Colombia
1
Native
Southern America
Western South America
Ecuador
1
Native
Southern America
Western South America
Peru
4
Naturalized
Australasia
New Zealand
New Zealand
4
Naturalized
Northern America
United States
of European populations
6
Other
exact native range obscure
Native
Africa
MACARONESIA:
Cabo Verde
,
Spain
[Canary Islands],
Portugal
[Madeira Islands]
NORTHERN AFRICA:
Algeria
,
Egypt
,
Libya
,
Morocco
,
Tunisia
NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA:
Eritrea
,
Ethiopia
,
Sudan
,
Somalia
,
Chad
EAST TROPICAL AFRICA:
Kenya
WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA:
Cameroon
(n.)
WEST TROPICAL AFRICA:
Gambia
,
Niger
,
Nigeria
,
Senegal
SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA:
Mozambique
,
Zambia
,
Zimbabwe
SOUTHERN AFRICA:
Botswana
,
Lesotho
,
Namibia
,
Eswatini
,
South Africa
[Cape Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State, Transvaal]
WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN:
Madagascar
Asia-Temperate
ARABIAN PENINSULA:
Bahrain
,
Kuwait
,
Yemen
WESTERN ASIA:
Afghanistan
,
Cyprus
,
Iran
,
Iraq
,
Israel
,
Jordan
,
Lebanon
,
Syria
,
Turkey
CAUCASUS:
Armenia
,
Azerbaijan
,
Russian Federation
[Checheno-Ingushetia, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Krasnodar, Stavropol]
SIBERIA:
Russian Federation
[Buryatia, Gorno-Altay, Tuva, Yakutia-Sakha, Altay, Krasnoyarsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Kurgan, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen]
MIDDLE ASIA:
Kazakhstan
,
Kyrgyzstan
,
Tajikistan
,
Turkmenistan
,
Uzbekistan
MONGOLIA:
Mongolia
RUSSIAN FAR EAST:
Russian Federation
[Khabarovsk, Primorye, Amur, Kamchatka, Sakhalin]
CHINA:
China
EASTERN ASIA:
Korea
,
Japan
Asia-Tropical
INDIAN SUBCONTINENT:
Pakistan
Australasia
AUSTRALIA:
Australia
[Tasmania, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia (s.), Northern Territory]
Europe
NORTHERN EUROPE:
Denmark
,
Finland
,
United Kingdom
,
Ireland
,
Norway
,
Sweden
MIDDLE EUROPE:
Austria
,
Belgium
,
Switzerland
,
Czech Republic
,
Germany
,
Hungary
,
Netherlands
,
Poland
,
Slovakia
EASTERN EUROPE:
Russian Federation-European part
[European part],
Belarus
,
Estonia
,
Lithuania
,
Latvia
,
Moldova
,
Russian Federation
[Kalmykia, Astrakhan, Rostov, Saratov, Volgograd],
Ukraine
(incl. Krym)
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE:
Albania
,
Bulgaria
,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
,
Greece
(incl. Crete),
Croatia
,
Italy
(incl. Sardinia, Sicily),
North Macedonia
,
Montenegro
,
Romania
,
Serbia
,
Slovenia
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE:
Spain
(incl. Baleares),
France
(incl. Corsica),
Portugal
Northern America
SUBARCTIC AMERICA:
Canada
[Northwest Territories (s.w.)]
EASTERN CANADA:
Canada
[Québec, Nova Scotia, Ontario, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador]
WESTERN CANADA:
Canada
[Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba, British Columbia]
NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.:
United States
[Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia]
NORTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.:
United States
[Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin]
NORTHWESTERN U.S.A.:
United States
[Colorado, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming]
SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.:
United States
[Alabama, Arkansas (n.), Delaware, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina]
SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.:
United States
[New Mexico, Texas]
SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.:
United States
[Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah]
NORTHERN MEXICO:
Mexico
[Chihuahua, Coahuila de Zaragoza, Durango, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Baja California (Norte), Baja California Sur]
SOUTHERN MEXICO:
Mexico
[Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Michoacán de Ocampo, Morelos, Nayarit, Puebla, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Yucatán]
Southern America
CARIBBEAN:
Bahamas
,
Dominican Republic
,
Guadeloupe
,
Haiti
,
Jamaica
,
St. Lucia
,
Martinique
,
United States
[Puerto Rico]
CENTRAL AMERICA:
Belize
,
Costa Rica
,
Guatemala
,
Honduras
,
Nicaragua
,
Panama
,
El Salvador
NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA:
French Guiana
,
Guyana
,
Suriname
,
Venezuela
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA:
Bolivia
,
Colombia
,
Ecuador
,
Peru
SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA:
Argentina
,
Chile
,
Uruguay
Naturalized
Australasia
NEW ZEALAND:
New Zealand
Northern America
REGION:
United States
(of European populations)
Other
(exact native range obscure)
Economic Uses
Usage
Type
Note
Reference
Environmental
erosion control
fide Aquat Bot 51:87-101. 1996; Invasive Pl Spec
Ostendorp, W.
1996. Estimation of mechanical resistance of lakeside
Phragmites
stands. Aquatic Bot. 51:87-101.
Medicines
folklore
Duke, J. A. et al.
2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
Medicines
folklore
McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker.
2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Weed
potential seed contaminant
CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland.
Documenta CIBA-GEIGY (Grass weeds 1. 1980, 2. 1981; Monocot weeds 3. 1982; Dicot weeds 1. 1988)
Note:
four books on weeds worldwide in scope
Weed
potential seed contaminant
Weber, E.
2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
Name
References