Bee plants | honey production | | Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR. |
Environmental | erosion control | | Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds |
Environmental | ornamental | as Salix ×rubens | Krüssmann, G. 1984. Manual of cultivated broad-leaved trees and shrubs (English translation of Handbuch der Laubgehölze. 1976) |
Fuels | potential as biomass for energy generation | | Pohjonen, V. 1991. Selection of species and clones for biomass willow forestry in Finland. Acta Forest. Fenn. 221:18. |
Materials | wood | | Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR. |
Materials | wood | | Boutelje, J. B. 1980. Encyclopedia of world timbers, names and technical literature |
Materials | wood | | Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds |
Materials | wood | fide Proc RS Edinburgh 98:169-182. 1992 | Stott, K. G. 1992. Willows in the service of man. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 98B:171. |
Medicines | source of salicin | | McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland. |
Medicines | source of salicin | now replaced by synthetic derivatives fide Proc RS Edinburgh 98:169-182. 1992 | Stott, K. G. 1992. Willows in the service of man. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 98B:171. |
Weed | | | Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds |
Weed | | | Henderson, L. 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants: a complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute, Handbook 12 |