Taxon:
Verbena officinalis L. var. officinalis
Summary
Verified:
03/21/2003
ARS Systematic Botanists.
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Reference(s)
- Barber, S. C. 1982. Taxonomic studies in the Verbena stricta complex (Verbenaceae). Syst. Bot. 7:454. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
- CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. 1974. The CIBA-GEIGY Weed Tables Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
- Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
- Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, ed. 2
- Hansen, A. & P. Sunding. 1993. Flora of Macaronesia: checklist of vascular plants, ed. 4. Sommerfeltia vol. 17. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
- Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
- Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
- Izquierdo Z., I. et al., eds. 2004. Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres URL: http://www.gobcan.es/cmayot/interreg/atlantico/documentos/LESDCanarias.pdf
- Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
- McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
- Munir, A. A. 2002. A taxonomic revision of the genus Verbena L. (Verbenaceae) in Australia. J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 20:78.
- Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):491. URL: http://proseanet.org Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
- Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
- Silva, L. et al. 2005. Listagem da fauna e flora terrestres dos Açores. Lista des plantas vasculares (Pteridophyta e Spermatophyta). URL: http://www.azores.gov.pt/NR/rdonlyres/3E255F0D-6AFD-4EF8-974D-CF920B5F933E/126780/42_Pteridophyta_Spermatophyta1.pdf
- Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966-. Flora of Iraq. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
- Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
- Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). URL: http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2 Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
- Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide to the vascular plants of Florida Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
- 1961. Webster's third new international dictionary.
Common names
English
common verbena – common vervain – European vervain – herb-of-the-cross – holywort – peristerion-wort – pigeon's-grass – simpler's-joy – turkey-grass – French
herbe de verveine – herbe sacrée – verveine officinale – German
echtes Eisenkraut – Italian
erba di San Giovanni – verbena – Japanese Rōmaji
kumatsuzura – Transcribed Chinese
ma bian cao –
Distribution
order_code | Status | Continent | Subcontinent | Country | State | Note |
1 | Native | Africa | Macaronesia | Portugal | Madeira Islands | |
1 | Native | Africa | Macaronesia | Spain | Canary Islands | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Algeria | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Egypt | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Libya | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Morocco | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Tunisia | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Arabian Peninsula | Saudi Arabia | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Caucasus | Armenia | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Caucasus | Azerbaijan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Caucasus | Georgia | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Caucasus | Russian Federation | Dagestan | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Caucasus | Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia | Ciscaucasia | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Anhui Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Fujian Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Gansu Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Guangdong Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Guizhou Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Hubei Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Hunan Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Jiangsu Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Jiangxi Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Shaanxi Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Shanxi Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Sichuan Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Xizang Zizhiqu | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Yunnan Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Zhejiang Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Eastern Asia | Japan | Honshu | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Eastern Asia | Japan | Kyushu | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Eastern Asia | Japan | Ryukyu Islands | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Eastern Asia | Japan | Shikoku | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Eastern Asia | Korea | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Eastern Asia | Taiwan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Middle Asia | Kyrgyzstan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Middle Asia | Tajikistan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Middle Asia | Turkmenistan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Middle Asia | Uzbekistan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Afghanistan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Cyprus | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Iran | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Iraq | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Israel | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Jordan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Lebanon | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Syria | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Turkey | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indian Subcontinent | Bhutan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indian Subcontinent | India | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indian Subcontinent | Nepal | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indian Subcontinent | Pakistan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indo-China | Cambodia | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indo-China | Laos | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indo-China | Myanmar | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indo-China | Thailand | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indo-China | Vietnam | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Malesia | Malaysia | | |
1 | Native | Australasia | Australia | Australia | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Eastern Europe | Belarus | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Eastern Europe | Latvia | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Eastern Europe | Lithuania | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Eastern Europe | Moldova | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Eastern Europe | Russian Federation-European part | European part | s. & c. |
1 | Native | Europe | Eastern Europe | Ukraine | | incl. Krym |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Austria | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Belgium | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Czechoslovakia | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Germany | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Hungary | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Netherlands | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Poland | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Switzerland | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Northern Europe | Ireland | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Northern Europe | United Kingdom | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Albania | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Bulgaria | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Former Yugoslavia | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Greece | | incl. Crete |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Italy | | incl. Sardinia, Sicily |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Romania | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southwestern Europe | France | | incl. Corsica |
1 | Native | Europe | Southwestern Europe | Portugal | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southwestern Europe | Spain | | incl. Baleares |
1 | Native | Northern America | Northeastern U.S.A. | United States | Connecticut | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Northeastern U.S.A. | United States | Massachusetts | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Northeastern U.S.A. | United States | Michigan | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Northeastern U.S.A. | United States | New Jersey | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Northeastern U.S.A. | United States | New York | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Northeastern U.S.A. | United States | Pennsylvania | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Northern Mexico | Mexico | Tamaulipas | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Northwestern U.S.A. | United States | Oregon | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Northwestern U.S.A. | United States | Washington | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | Arkansas | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | Delaware | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | Kentucky | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | Maryland | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | North Carolina | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | South Carolina | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | Tennessee | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | Virginia | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southern Mexico | Mexico | Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave | |
1 | Native | Southern America | Caribbean | Cuba | | |
1 | Native | Southern America | Caribbean | Dominican Republic | | |
1 | Native | Southern America | Caribbean | Haiti | | |
2 | Cultivated | | | | | also cult. |
4 | Naturalized | | | | | natzd. worldwide |
Native
Africa
-
MACARONESIA:
Spain [Canary Islands], Portugal [Madeira Islands]
-
NORTHERN AFRICA:
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
Asia-Temperate
-
ARABIAN PENINSULA:
Saudi Arabia
-
WESTERN ASIA:
Afghanistan, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey
-
CAUCASUS:
Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia [Ciscaucasia], Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russian Federation [Dagestan]
-
MIDDLE ASIA:
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
-
CHINA:
China [Anhui Sheng, Zhejiang Sheng, Fujian Sheng, Hunan Sheng, Hubei Sheng, Gansu Sheng, Jiangxi Sheng, Jiangsu Sheng, Guangdong Sheng, Guizhou Sheng, Shanxi Sheng, Shaanxi Sheng, Sichuan Sheng, Yunnan Sheng, Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu, Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu, Xizang Zizhiqu]
-
EASTERN ASIA:
Korea, Japan [Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Islands, Shikoku], Taiwan
Asia-Tropical
-
INDIAN SUBCONTINENT:
Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan
-
INDO-CHINA:
Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
-
MALESIA:
Malaysia
Australasia
Europe
-
NORTHERN EUROPE:
United Kingdom, Ireland
-
MIDDLE EUROPE:
Czechoslovakia, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland
-
EASTERN EUROPE:
Russian Federation-European part [European part (s. & c.)], Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Moldova, Ukraine (incl. Krym)
-
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE:
Former Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece (incl. Crete), Italy (incl. Sardinia, Sicily), Romania
-
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE:
Spain (incl. Baleares), France (incl. Corsica), Portugal
Northern America
-
NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.:
United States [Connecticut, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania]
-
NORTHWESTERN U.S.A.:
United States [Oregon, Washington]
-
SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.:
United States [Arkansas, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia]
-
NORTHERN MEXICO:
Mexico [Tamaulipas]
-
SOUTHERN MEXICO:
Mexico [Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave]
Southern America
-
CARIBBEAN:
Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti
Cultivated
(also cult.)
Naturalized
(natzd. worldwide)
Economic Uses
Usage | Type | Note | Reference |
Environmental | ornamental | | Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening |
Medicines | folklore | fide Pl Res SEAs 12(1):491. 1999; CRC MedHerbs ed2, as V. officinalis; Herbs Commerce ed2 | McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland. |
Non-vertebrate poisons | plant pest control | insecticide | Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):491. URL: http://proseanet.org Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis |
Weed | | fide Weed TabCIBA. 1968 | CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. 1974. The CIBA-GEIGY Weed Tables Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis |