Taxon:
Verbena officinalis L.
Summary
Place of publication:
Sp. pl. 1:20. 1753
Verified:
03/27/2003
ARS Systematic Botanists.
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Reference(s)
- Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource) www.skud.info
- Barber, S. C. 1982. Taxonomic studies in the Verbena stricta complex (Verbenaceae). Syst. Bot. 7:454. www.aspt.net/systematic-botany
- Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
- Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR) Cambridge University Press.
- Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
- Demilly, D. et al. 2001. Liste alphabétique des principales espèces de plantes cultivées et de mauvaises herbes. Noms latins et noms français, ed. 7 Note: GEVES-SNES, Beaucouzé, France
- Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
- Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage
- Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource). URL: http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropListDetails?code=&relation=beginsWith&name=Verbena+officinalis&quantity=1
- Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, ed. 2
- Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
- Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6 URL: http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:3:2422827336895397#
- Hara, H. et al. 1978-1982. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal.
- Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
- Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource). URL: http://www.anbg.gov.au/common.names/
- Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
- Izquierdo Z., I. et al., eds. 2004. Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres URL: http://www.gobcan.es/cmayot/interreg/atlantico/documentos/LESDCanarias.pdf
- Jahandiez, E. & R. Maire. 1931-1941. Catalogue des plantes du Maroc.
- Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland.
- Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
- Lee, Y. N. 1997. Flora of Korea.
- Li, H. L. et al., eds. 1975-1979. Flora of Taiwan.
- Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third.
- Magee, D. W. & H. E. Ahles. 1999. Flora of the Northeast. A manual of the vascular flora of New England and adjacent New York.
- Meikle, R. D. 1977-1985. Flora of Cyprus.
- Moldenke, H. N. 1980. A sixth summary of the Verbenaceae, Avicenniaceae, Stilbaceae, Chloanthaceae, Symphoremaceae, Nyctanthaceae, and Eriocaulaceae of the world as to valid taxa, geographic distribution and synonymy. Phytologia Mem. 2:68.
- Mouterde, P. 1966-. Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie.
- Munir, A. A. 2002. A taxonomic revision of the genus Verbena L. (Verbenaceae) in Australia. J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 20:76.
- Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
- Ohwi, J. 1965. Flora of Japan (Engl. ed.).
- Personal Care Products Council. INCI URL: http://www.personalcarecouncil.org/public/what-inci
- Pignatti, S. 1982. Flora d'Italia.
- Pottier-Alapetite, G. 1979-1981. Flore de la Tunisie: Angiospermes-Dicotyledones.
- Quézel, P. & S. Santa. 1962-1963. Nouvelle flore de l'Algerie.
- Radford, A. E. et al. 1964. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.
- Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
- Silva, L. et al. 2005. Listagem da fauna e flora terrestres dos Açores. Lista des plantas vasculares (Pteridophyta e Spermatophyta). URL: http://www.azores.gov.pt/NR/rdonlyres/3E255F0D-6AFD-4EF8-974D-CF920B5F933E/126780/42_Pteridophyta_Spermatophyta1.pdf
- Strausbaugh, T. D. & E. L. Core. 1978. Flora of West Virginia, ed. 2.
- Täckholm, V. 1974. Students' flora of Egypt, ed. 2.
- Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966-. Flora of Iraq.
- Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
- Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
- Voss, E. 1972-. Michigan flora.
- Walker, E. 1976. Flora of Okinawa and the southern Ryukyu Islands.
- Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). URL: http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2
- Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide to the vascular plants of Florida
- Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan. 1966-. Flora palaestina.
Common names
English
common verbena – common vervain – official vervain – simpler's-joy – turkey-grass – vervain – wild verbena – French
verveine officinale – German
echtes Eisenkraut – Japanese Rōmaji
kumatsuzura – Portuguese (Brazil)
erva-de-ferro – ferraria – planta-da-sorte – verbena – Swedish
järnört – Transcribed Chinese
ma bian cao –
Distribution
order_code | Status | Continent | Subcontinent | Country | State | Note |
1 | Native | Africa | East Tropical Africa | Kenya | | |
1 | Native | Africa | East Tropical Africa | Tanzania | | |
1 | Native | Africa | East Tropical Africa | Uganda | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Macaronesia | Portugal | Madeira Islands | |
1 | Native | Africa | Macaronesia | Spain | Canary Islands | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northeast Tropical Africa | Sudan | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Algeria | | n. |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Egypt | | n. |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Libya | | n. |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Morocco | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Northern Africa | Tunisia | | |
1 | Native | Africa | South Tropical Africa | Zambia | | |
1 | Native | Africa | South Tropical Africa | Zimbabwe | | |
1 | Native | Africa | Southern Africa | South Africa | | |
1 | Native | Africa | West-Central Tropical Africa | Democratic Republic of the Congo | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Arabian Peninsula | Saudi Arabia | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Caucasus | Armenia | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Caucasus | Azerbaijan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Caucasus | Georgia | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Caucasus | Russian Federation | Dagestan | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Caucasus | Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia | Ciscaucasia | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Anhui Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Fujian Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Gansu Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Guangdong Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Guizhou Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Hainan Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Hubei Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Hunan Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Jiangsu Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Jiangxi Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Shaanxi Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Shanxi Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Sichuan Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Xizang Zizhiqu | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Yunnan Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Zhejiang Sheng | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Eastern Asia | Japan | Honshu | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Eastern Asia | Japan | Kyushu | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Eastern Asia | Japan | Ryukyu Islands | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Eastern Asia | Japan | Shikoku | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Eastern Asia | Korea | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Eastern Asia | Taiwan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Middle Asia | Kyrgyzstan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Middle Asia | Tajikistan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Middle Asia | Turkmenistan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Middle Asia | Uzbekistan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Afghanistan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Cyprus | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Iran | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Iraq | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Israel | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Jordan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Lebanon | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Syria | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Temperate | Western Asia | Turkey | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indian Subcontinent | Bhutan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indian Subcontinent | India | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indian Subcontinent | Nepal | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indian Subcontinent | Pakistan | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indo-China | Cambodia | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indo-China | Laos | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indo-China | Myanmar | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indo-China | Thailand | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indo-China | Vietnam | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Malesia | Malaysia | | |
1 | Native | Australasia | Australia | Australia | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Eastern Europe | Belarus | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Eastern Europe | Latvia | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Eastern Europe | Lithuania | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Eastern Europe | Moldova | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Eastern Europe | Russian Federation-European part | European part | s. & c. |
1 | Native | Europe | Eastern Europe | Ukraine | | incl. Krym |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Austria | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Belgium | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Czechoslovakia | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Germany | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Hungary | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Netherlands | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Poland | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Middle Europe | Switzerland | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Northern Europe | Ireland | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Northern Europe | United Kingdom | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Albania | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Bulgaria | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Former Yugoslavia | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Greece | | incl. Crete |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Italy | | incl. Sardinia, Sicily |
1 | Native | Europe | Southeastern Europe | Romania | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southwestern Europe | France | | incl. Corsica |
1 | Native | Europe | Southwestern Europe | Portugal | | |
1 | Native | Europe | Southwestern Europe | Spain | | incl. Baleares |
1 | Native | Northern America | North-Central U.S.A. | United States | Oklahoma | s.w. |
1 | Native | Northern America | Northeastern U.S.A. | United States | Connecticut | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Northeastern U.S.A. | United States | Massachusetts | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Northeastern U.S.A. | United States | Michigan | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Northeastern U.S.A. | United States | New Jersey | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Northeastern U.S.A. | United States | New York | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Northeastern U.S.A. | United States | Pennsylvania | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Northern Mexico | Mexico | Sinaloa | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Northern Mexico | Mexico | Sonora | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Northern Mexico | Mexico | Tamaulipas | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Northwestern U.S.A. | United States | Oregon | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Northwestern U.S.A. | United States | Washington | |
1 | Native | Northern America | South-Central U.S.A. | United States | Texas | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | Alabama | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | Arkansas | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | Delaware | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | Florida | http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/main.asp?plantID=3665 |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | Georgia | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | Kentucky | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | Louisiana | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | Maryland | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | Mississippi | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | North Carolina | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | South Carolina | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | Tennessee | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southeastern U.S.A. | United States | Virginia | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southern Mexico | Mexico | Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave | |
1 | Native | Northern America | Southwestern U.S.A. | United States | Arizona | |
1 | Native | Southern America | Caribbean | Cuba | | |
1 | Native | Southern America | Caribbean | Dominican Republic | | |
1 | Native | Southern America | Caribbean | Haiti | | |
4 | Naturalized | | | | | widely natzd. elsewhere |
4 | Naturalized | Africa | Macaronesia | Portugal | Azores | |
Native
Africa
-
MACARONESIA:
Spain [Canary Islands], Portugal [Madeira Islands]
-
NORTHERN AFRICA:
Algeria (n.), Egypt (n.), Libya (n.), Morocco, Tunisia
-
NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA:
Sudan
-
EAST TROPICAL AFRICA:
Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
-
WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA:
Democratic Republic of the Congo
-
SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA:
Zambia, Zimbabwe
-
SOUTHERN AFRICA:
South Africa
Asia-Temperate
-
ARABIAN PENINSULA:
Saudi Arabia
-
WESTERN ASIA:
Afghanistan, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey
-
CAUCASUS:
Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia [Ciscaucasia], Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russian Federation [Dagestan]
-
MIDDLE ASIA:
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
-
CHINA:
China [Anhui Sheng, Zhejiang Sheng, Fujian Sheng, Hunan Sheng, Hubei Sheng, Gansu Sheng, Jiangxi Sheng, Jiangsu Sheng, Guangdong Sheng, Guizhou Sheng, Shanxi Sheng, Shaanxi Sheng, Sichuan Sheng, Yunnan Sheng, Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu, Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu, Xizang Zizhiqu, Hainan Sheng]
-
EASTERN ASIA:
Korea, Japan [Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Islands, Shikoku], Taiwan
Asia-Tropical
-
INDIAN SUBCONTINENT:
Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan
-
INDO-CHINA:
Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
-
MALESIA:
Malaysia
Australasia
Europe
-
NORTHERN EUROPE:
United Kingdom, Ireland
-
MIDDLE EUROPE:
Czechoslovakia, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland
-
EASTERN EUROPE:
Russian Federation-European part [European part (s. & c.)], Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Moldova, Ukraine (incl. Krym)
-
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE:
Former Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece (incl. Crete), Italy (incl. Sardinia, Sicily), Romania
-
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE:
Spain (incl. Baleares), France (incl. Corsica), Portugal
Northern America
-
NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.:
United States [Connecticut, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania]
-
NORTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.:
United States [Oklahoma (s.w.)]
-
NORTHWESTERN U.S.A.:
United States [Oregon, Washington]
-
SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.:
United States [Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida (http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/main.asp?plantID=3665), Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia]
-
SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.:
United States [Texas]
-
SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.:
United States [Arizona]
-
NORTHERN MEXICO:
Mexico [Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas]
-
SOUTHERN MEXICO:
Mexico [Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave]
Southern America
-
CARIBBEAN:
Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti
Naturalized
Africa
-
MACARONESIA:
Portugal [Azores]
Economic Uses
Usage | Type | Note | Reference |
Medicines | folklore | | Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs |