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Species of Narcissus L. sect. Pseudonarcissus

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Accepted Names
Exclude infraspecific names

NameSynonym ofaisortsortacc
Narcissus asturiensis (Jord.) Pugsley Narcissus minor L. subsp. asturiensis (Jord.) Barra & G. López   Narcissus asturiensis(Jord.) Pugsley Narcissus minorL. subsp. asturiensis (Jord.) Barra & G. López
Narcissus cyclamineus DC.  a Narcissus cyclamineusDC.  
Narcissus lobularis Schult. & Schult. f. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus   Narcissus lobularisSchult. & Schult. f. Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. pseudonarcissus
Narcissus minimus (Haw.) Heynh. Narcissus minor L.   Narcissus minimus(Haw.) Heynh. Narcissus minorL.
Narcissus nanus (Haw.) Steud. Narcissus minor L.   Narcissus nanus(Haw.) Steud. Narcissus minorL.
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.  a Narcissus pseudonarcissusL.  
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. nobilis (Haw.) A. Fern. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus  iNarcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. nobilis (Haw.) A. Fern. Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. pseudonarcissus
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. tortuosus (Haw.) A. Fern. Narcissus moschatus L. subsp. moschatus  iNarcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. tortuosus (Haw.) A. Fern. Narcissus moschatusL. subsp. moschatus
Narcissus obvallaris Salisb.  a Narcissus obvallarisSalisb.  
Narcissus minor L. var. minimus (Haw.) Pugsley Narcissus minor L.  iNarcissus minorL. var.minimus (Haw.) Pugsley Narcissus minorL.
Narcissus minor L.  a Narcissus minorL.  
Narcissus cuneiflorus (Salisb.) Link Narcissus minor L.   Narcissus cuneiflorus(Salisb.) Link Narcissus minorL.
Narcissus jacetanus Fern. Casas Narcissus minor L. subsp. minor   Narcissus jacetanusFern. Casas Narcissus minorL. subsp. minor
Narcissus lagoi Merino Narcissus minor L. subsp. asturiensis (Jord.) Barra & G. López   Narcissus lagoiMerino Narcissus minorL. subsp. asturiensis (Jord.) Barra & G. López
Narcissus provincialis Pugsley Narcissus minor L.   Narcissus provincialisPugsley Narcissus minorL.
Narcissus parviflorus (Jord.) Pugsley Narcissus minor L. subsp. minor   Narcissus parviflorus(Jord.) Pugsley Narcissus minorL. subsp. minor
Narcissus pumilus Salisb. Narcissus minor L.   Narcissus pumilusSalisb. Narcissus minorL.
Narcissus portensis Pugsley Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.   Narcissus portensisPugsley Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.
Narcissus abscissus (Haw.) Schult. & Schult. f. Narcissus bicolor L.   Narcissus abscissus(Haw.) Schult. & Schult. f. Narcissus bicolorL.
Narcissus albescens Pugsley Narcissus moschatus L. subsp. moschatus   Narcissus albescensPugsley Narcissus moschatusL. subsp. moschatus
Narcissus alpestris Pugsley Narcissus moschatus L. subsp. moschatus   Narcissus alpestrisPugsley Narcissus moschatusL. subsp. moschatus
Narcissus bicolor L.  a Narcissus bicolorL.  
Narcissus calcicarpetanus Fern. Casas Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.   Narcissus calcicarpetanusFern. Casas Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.
Narcissus confusus Pugsley Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.   Narcissus confususPugsley Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.
Narcissus fontqueri Fern. Casas & Rivas Ponce Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus   Narcissus fontqueriFern. Casas & Rivas Ponce Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. pseudonarcissus
Narcissus gayi (Hénon) Pugsley Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus   Narcissus gayi(Hénon) Pugsley Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. pseudonarcissus
Narcissus genesii-lopezii Fern. Casas Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.   Narcissus genesii-lopeziiFern. Casas Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.
Narcissus hispanicus Gouan Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus   Narcissus hispanicusGouan Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. pseudonarcissus
Narcissus longispathus Degen & Hervier ex Pugsley Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. nevadensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.   Narcissus longispathusDegen & Hervier ex Pugsley Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. nevadensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.
Narcissus macrolobus (Jord.) Pugsley Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus   Narcissus macrolobus(Jord.) Pugsley Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. pseudonarcissus
Narcissus moleroi Fern. Casas Narcissus moschatus L. subsp. moleroi (Fern. Casas) Aedo   Narcissus moleroiFern. Casas Narcissus moschatusL. subsp. moleroi (Fern. Casas) Aedo
Narcissus moschatus L.  a Narcissus moschatusL.  
Narcissus nevadensis Pugsley Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. nevadensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.   Narcissus nevadensisPugsley Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. nevadensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.
Narcissus nobilis (Haw.) Schult. & Schult. f. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus   Narcissus nobilis(Haw.) Schult. & Schult. f. Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. pseudonarcissus
Narcissus pallidiflorus Pugsley Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus   Narcissus pallidiflorusPugsley Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. pseudonarcissus
Narcissus perez-chiscanoi Fern. Casas Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.   Narcissus perez-chiscanoiFern. Casas Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.
Narcissus primigenius (Fern. Suárez ex Laínz) Fern. Casas & Laínz Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus   Narcissus primigenius(Fern. Suárez ex Laínz) Fern. Casas & Laínz Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. pseudonarcissus
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus  aiNarcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. pseudonarcissus  
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. eugeniae (Fern. Casas) Fern. Casas Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.  iNarcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. eugeniae (Fern. Casas) Fern. Casas Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pugsleyanus Barra & G. López Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.  iNarcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. pugsleyanus Barra & G. López Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.
Narcissus radinganorum Fern. Casas Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.   Narcissus radinganorumFern. Casas Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.
Narcissus tortuosus Haw. Narcissus moschatus L. subsp. moschatus   Narcissus tortuosusHaw. Narcissus moschatusL. subsp. moschatus
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pallidiflorus (Pugsley) A. Fern. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus  iNarcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. pallidiflorus (Pugsley) A. Fern. Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. pseudonarcissus
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. moschatus (L.) Baker Narcissus moschatus L. subsp. moschatus  iNarcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. moschatus (L.) Baker Narcissus moschatusL. subsp. moschatus
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. major (Curtis) Baker Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus  iNarcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. major (Curtis) Baker Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. pseudonarcissus
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.  aiNarcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.  
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. nevadensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.  aiNarcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. nevadensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.  
Narcissus eugeniae Fern. Casas Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.   Narcissus eugeniaeFern. Casas Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.
Narcissus segurensis S. Ríos et al. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. nevadensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.   Narcissus segurensisS. Ríos et al. Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. nevadensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.
Narcissus yepesii S. Ríos et al. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. nevadensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.   Narcissus yepesiiS. Ríos et al. Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. nevadensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.
Narcissus alcaracensis S. Ríos et al. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. nevadensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.   Narcissus alcaracensisS. Ríos et al. Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. nevadensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.
Narcissus leonensis Pugsley Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus   Narcissus leonensisPugsley Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. pseudonarcissus
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. var. primigenius Fern. Suárez ex Laínz Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus  iNarcissus pseudonarcissusL. var.primigenius Fern. Suárez ex Laínz Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. pseudonarcissus
Narcissus major Curtis Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus   Narcissus majorCurtis Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. pseudonarcissus
Narcissus jacetanus Fern. Casas subsp. vasconicus Fern. Casas Narcissus minor L. subsp. minor  iNarcissus jacetanusFern. Casas subsp. vasconicus Fern. Casas Narcissus minorL. subsp. minor
Narcissus minor L. subsp. minor  aiNarcissus minorL. subsp. minor  
Narcissus minor L. subsp. asturiensis (Jord.) Barra & G. López  aiNarcissus minorL. subsp. asturiensis (Jord.) Barra & G. López  
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. alpestris (Pugsley) A. Fern. Narcissus moschatus L. subsp. moschatus  iNarcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. alpestris (Pugsley) A. Fern. Narcissus moschatusL. subsp. moschatus
Narcissus moschatus L. subsp. moschatus  aiNarcissus moschatusL. subsp. moschatus  
Narcissus moschatus L. subsp. moleroi (Fern. Casas) Aedo  aiNarcissus moschatusL. subsp. moleroi (Fern. Casas) Aedo  
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. bicolor (L.) Baker Narcissus bicolor L.  iNarcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. bicolor (L.) Baker Narcissus bicolorL.
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. calcicarpetanus (Fern. Casas) Fern. Casas Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.  iNarcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. calcicarpetanus (Fern. Casas) Fern. Casas Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. munozii-garmendiae (Fern. Casas) Fern. Casas  aiNarcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. munozii-garmendiae (Fern. Casas) Fern. Casas  
Narcissus munozii-garmendiae Fern. Casas Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. munozii-garmendiae (Fern. Casas) Fern. Casas   Narcissus munozii-garmendiaeFern. Casas Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. munozii-garmendiae (Fern. Casas) Fern. Casas
Narcissus jacetanus Fern. Casas subsp. jacetanus Narcissus minor L. subsp. minor  iNarcissus jacetanusFern. Casas subsp. jacetanus Narcissus minorL. subsp. minor
Narcissus minor L. var. minor Narcissus minor L. subsp. minor  iNarcissus minorL. var.minor Narcissus minorL. subsp. minor
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. var. pseudonarcissus Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus  iNarcissus pseudonarcissusL. var.pseudonarcissus Narcissus pseudonarcissusL. subsp. pseudonarcissus
  1. Narcissus abscissus (Haw.) Schult. & Schult. f. (=Narcissus bicolor L.)
  2. Narcissus albescens Pugsley (=Narcissus moschatus L. subsp. moschatus)
  3. Narcissus alcaracensis S. Ríos et al. (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. nevadensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.)
  4. Narcissus alpestris Pugsley (=Narcissus moschatus L. subsp. moschatus)
  5. Narcissus asturiensis (Jord.) Pugsley (=Narcissus minor L. subsp. asturiensis (Jord.) Barra & G. López)
  6. Narcissus bicolor L.
  7. Narcissus calcicarpetanus Fern. Casas (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.)
  8. Narcissus confusus Pugsley (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.)
  9. Narcissus cuneiflorus (Salisb.) Link (=Narcissus minor L.)
  10. Narcissus cyclamineus DC.
  11. Narcissus eugeniae Fern. Casas (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.)
  12. Narcissus fontqueri Fern. Casas & Rivas Ponce (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus)
  13. Narcissus gayi (Hénon) Pugsley (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus)
  14. Narcissus genesii-lopezii Fern. Casas (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.)
  15. Narcissus hispanicus Gouan (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus)
  16. Narcissus jacetanus Fern. Casas (=Narcissus minor L. subsp. minor)
  17. Narcissus jacetanus Fern. Casas subsp. jacetanus (=Narcissus minor L. subsp. minor)
  18. Narcissus jacetanus Fern. Casas subsp. vasconicus Fern. Casas (=Narcissus minor L. subsp. minor)
  19. Narcissus lagoi Merino (=Narcissus minor L. subsp. asturiensis (Jord.) Barra & G. López)
  20. Narcissus leonensis Pugsley (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus)
  21. Narcissus lobularis Schult. & Schult. f. (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus)
  22. Narcissus longispathus Degen & Hervier ex Pugsley (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. nevadensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.)
  23. Narcissus macrolobus (Jord.) Pugsley (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus)
  24. Narcissus major Curtis (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus)
  25. Narcissus minimus (Haw.) Heynh. (=Narcissus minor L.)
  26. Narcissus minor L.
  27. Narcissus minor L. var. minimus (Haw.) Pugsley (=Narcissus minor L.)
  28. Narcissus minor L. var. minor (=Narcissus minor L. subsp. minor)
  29. Narcissus minor L. subsp. asturiensis (Jord.) Barra & G. López
  30. Narcissus minor L. subsp. minor
  31. Narcissus moleroi Fern. Casas (=Narcissus moschatus L. subsp. moleroi (Fern. Casas) Aedo)
  32. Narcissus moschatus L.
  33. Narcissus moschatus L. subsp. moleroi (Fern. Casas) Aedo
  34. Narcissus moschatus L. subsp. moschatus
  35. Narcissus munozii-garmendiae Fern. Casas (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. munozii-garmendiae (Fern. Casas) Fern. Casas)
  36. Narcissus nanus (Haw.) Steud. (=Narcissus minor L.)
  37. Narcissus nevadensis Pugsley (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. nevadensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.)
  38. Narcissus nobilis (Haw.) Schult. & Schult. f. (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus)
  39. Narcissus obvallaris Salisb.
  40. Narcissus pallidiflorus Pugsley (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus)
  41. Narcissus parviflorus (Jord.) Pugsley (=Narcissus minor L. subsp. minor)
  42. Narcissus perez-chiscanoi Fern. Casas (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.)
  43. Narcissus portensis Pugsley (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.)
  44. Narcissus primigenius (Fern. Suárez ex Laínz) Fern. Casas & Laínz (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus)
  45. Narcissus provincialis Pugsley (=Narcissus minor L.)
  46. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.
  47. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. var. primigenius Fern. Suárez ex Laínz (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus)
  48. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. var. pseudonarcissus (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus)
  49. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. alpestris (Pugsley) A. Fern. (=Narcissus moschatus L. subsp. moschatus)
  50. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. bicolor (L.) Baker (=Narcissus bicolor L.)
  51. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. calcicarpetanus (Fern. Casas) Fern. Casas (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.)
  52. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. eugeniae (Fern. Casas) Fern. Casas (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.)
  53. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. major (Curtis) Baker (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus)
  54. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. moschatus (L.) Baker (=Narcissus moschatus L. subsp. moschatus)
  55. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. munozii-garmendiae (Fern. Casas) Fern. Casas
  56. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. nevadensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.
  57. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. nobilis (Haw.) A. Fern. (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus)
  58. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pallidiflorus (Pugsley) A. Fern. (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus)
  59. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.
  60. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pseudonarcissus
  61. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. pugsleyanus Barra & G. López (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.)
  62. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. tortuosus (Haw.) A. Fern. (=Narcissus moschatus L. subsp. moschatus)
  63. Narcissus pumilus Salisb. (=Narcissus minor L.)
  64. Narcissus radinganorum Fern. Casas (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. portensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.)
  65. Narcissus segurensis S. Ríos et al. (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. nevadensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.)
  66. Narcissus tortuosus Haw. (=Narcissus moschatus L. subsp. moschatus)
  67. Narcissus yepesii S. Ríos et al. (=Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. nevadensis (Pugsley) A. Fern.)


ILRI Germplasm Policy (excerpts)

The International Livestock research Institute (ILRI) maintains a collection of forage germplasm as a global public good. The material was acquired prior to the entry into force of the Convention on Biological Diversity; or if it was acquired after the entering into force of the Convention on Biological Diversity, it was obtained with the understanding that it was held in trust and could be made available for any agricultural research, breeding and training purposes under the terms and conditions set out in the agreement between the ILRI and FAO dated 26 October 1994. On 16 October 2006, ILRI signed an agreement with the Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (the Treaty) placing these in trust collections of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) within the purview of the Treaty.

In accordance with this Agreement, all shipments of PGRFA of crops listed in Annex 1 to the Treaty (shipments of PGRFA under the Multilateral System) will be subject to the terms and conditions of the Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA). In the event that the SMTA (attached) is used for the transfer of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture other than those listed in Annex 1 of the Treaty: i) The references in the SMTA to the "Multilateral System" shall not be interpreted as limiting the application of the SMTA to Annex 1 Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, and in the case of Article 6.2 of the SMTA shall mean "under this Agreement". ii) The reference in Article 6.11 and Annex 3 of the SMTA to "Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture belonging to the same crop, as set out in Annex 1 to the Treaty" shall be taken to mean "Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture belonging to the same crop".

The material is held in trust and the recipient has no rights to obtain Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) on the material or related information. The recipient may utilize and conserve the material for research, breeding and training and may distribute it to other parties provided such parties accept the terms and conditions of the SMTA .

ILRI will provide forage seeds in small experimental quantities of between 1 and 20 grams without charge from the germplasm collection under the SMTA as appropriate for the crop as part of its policy of maximizing the utilization of material for research, breeding and training. Larger quantities sufficient to sow up to one quarter of a hectare of a limited number of promising accessions will require that requesters cover the costs of production and shipping.

ILRI makes no warranties as to the safety or title of the material, nor as to the accuracy or correctness of any passport or other data provided with the material. Neither does it make any warranties as to the quality, viability, or purity (genetic or mechanical) of the material being furnished. The phytosanitary condition of the material is warranted only as described in the attached phytosanitary certificate. The recipient assumes full responsibility for complying with the recipient nation’s quarantine and biosafety regulations and rules as to import or release of genetic material.