Xanthium strumarium L. GRIN-Global

Taxon: Xanthium strumarium L.

Summary

Genus:

Xanthium

Family:

Asteraceae (alt. Compositae)

Subfamily:

Asteroideae

Tribe:

Heliantheae

Nomen number:

42072

Place of publication:

Sp. pl. 2:987. 1753

Comment:

[treated here in the broad sense]

Typification:

View in Linnean Typification Project

Verified:

03/25/2012 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

0 (0 active, 0 available) in National Plant Germplasm System.

Other conspecific taxa

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

Autonym(s)

Xanthium strumarium L. subsp. strumarium
Xanthium strumarium L. var. strumarium

Heterotypic Synonym(s)


Xanthium canadense Mill.
Xanthium vulgare Hill, nom. inval.
Xanthium pensylvanicum Wallr.
Xanthium strumarium L. var. canadense (Mill.) Torr. & A. Gray
Xanthium orientale L.
Xanthium pungens Wallr.
Xanthium occidentale Bertol.
Xanthium echinatum Murray
Xanthium commune Britton
Xanthium indicum J. Koenig ex Roxb.
Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder
Xanthium cavanillesii Schouw
Xanthium saccharatum Wallr.
Xanthium italicum Moretti
Xanthium strumarium L. subsp. italicum (Moretti) D. Löve
Xanthium strumarium L. var. glabratum (DC.) Cronquist
Xanthium americanum Walter
Xanthium chinense Mill.
Xanthium cylindraceum Millsp. & Sherff
Xanthium echinellum Greene & Rydb.
Xanthium inflexum Mack. & Bush
Xanthium speciosum Kearney
Xanthium macrocarpum DC. var. glabratum DC.

No images

Reference(s)

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource) www.skud.info
Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand. URL: http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx
BernhardSmith, A. 1923. Poisonous plants of all countries, 2nd ed. Note: poisonous
Bosser, J. M. et al., eds. 1976-. Flores des Mascareignes.
Botanical Society of the British Isles. BSBI taxon database (on-line resource). URL: http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/BSBI/taxonsearch.php
Boulos, L. 1999-. Flora of Egypt
Breedlove, D. E., ed. 1981-. Flora of Chiapas.
Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson. 1998. Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning Note: poisonous
Correll, D. S. & H. B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama archipelago.
Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas
Cronquist, A. et al. 1972-. Intermountain flora.
Darbyshire, S. J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 251-252.
Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen
Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource). URL: http://www.emplantbase.org/home.html
FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America. URL: http://floranorthamerica.org/
Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource). URL: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/
Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14
Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada.
Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Grubov, V. I. 2001. Key to the vascular plants of Mongolia
Hansen, A. & P. Sunding. 1993. Flora of Macaronesia: checklist of vascular plants, ed. 4. Sommerfeltia vol. 17.
Hara, H. et al. 1978-1982. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal.
Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
Henderson, L. 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants: a complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute, Handbook 12
Henderson, M. et al. 1987. Declared weeds and alien invader plants in South Africa. Botanical Research Institute, bulletin 413
Hickman, J. C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: higher plants of California
Hitchcock, C. L. et al. 1955-1969. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest.
Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds
Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
Hyde, M. et al. Flora of Mozambique (on-line resource). URL: http://www.mozambiqueflora.com/
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource). URL: http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares. URL: http://www2.darwin.edu.ar/Proyectos/FloraArgentina/FA.asp
Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource). URL: http://www.anbg.gov.au/common.names/
Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
Kellerman, T. S. et al. 1988. Plant poisonings and mycotoxicoses of livestock in Southern Africa Note: poisonous
Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. Note: poisonous
Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia Note: = Xanthiumorientale L.
Mabberley, D. J. 1997. The plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants, ed. 2
Magee, D. W. & H. E. Ahles. 1999. Flora of the Northeast. A manual of the vascular flora of New England and adjacent New York.
Martin, W. C. & C. R. Hutchins. 1980. A flora of New Mexico.
McGregor, R. L. et al. (The Great Plains Flora Association). 1986. Flora of the Great Plains.
McVaugh, R. 1983-. Flora Novo-Galiciana.
Munro, D. B. Canadian poisonous plants information system (on-line resource). URL: http://www.cbif.gc.ca/pls/pp/poison?p_x=px
Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. A California flora.
Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University. 1998. Medicinal plants in the Republic of Korea. WHO Regional Publications Western Pacific Series No. 21. URL: http://www.wpro.who.int/internet/files/pub/97/295.pdf
Oh, S.-Y. & J.-H. Pak. 2001. Distribution maps of vascular plants in Korea Note: Academybook Publishing Co., Seoul.
Pammel, L. H. 1911. Manual of poisonous plants. Note: poisonous
Parsons, W. T. & E. G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious weeds of Australia Inkata Press, Melbourne, Australia. Note: recognize three species usually included in X. strumarium complex
Personal Care Products Council. INCI URL: http://www.personalcarecouncil.org/public/what-inci
Pottier-Alapetite, G. 1979-1981. Flore de la Tunisie: Angiospermes-Dicotyledones.
Radford, A. E. et al., eds. 1980-. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States.
Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes. URL: http://www.ecologia.edu.mx/publicaciones/FLOBA.htm
Scoggan, H. J. 1978-1979. The flora of Canada, 4 vol.
Seed Regulatory and Testing Division, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S.D.A. State noxious-weed seed requirements recognized in the administration of the Federal Seed Act (updated annually). URL: http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5090172
Thulin, M., ed. 1993-. Flora of Somalia.
Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
Valdés, B. et al., eds. 2002. Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du nord du Maroc, incluant des clés d'identification
Vibrans, H., ed. Malezas de México (on-line resource). URL: http://www.conabio.gob.mx/malezasdemexico/asteraceae/xanthium-strumarium/fichas/pagina1.htm
Wagner, W. L. et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i
Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
Wood, J. R. I. 1997. A handbook of the Yemen flora.
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). URL: http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2
Wursten, B. et al. Flora of Zimbabwe (on-line resource). URL: http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/

Common names

English
California-bur –
Canada cocklebur –
cocklebur –
ditchbur –
large cocklebur –
Noogoora-bur –
rough cocklebur –
Siberian cocklebur –
Afrikaans
kankerroos –
English (Canada)
cocklebur –
French
lampourde glouteron –
French (Canada)
lampourde glouteron –
German
gewöhnliche Spitzklette –
Japanese Rōmaji
o-namomi –
Portuguese (Brazil)
carrapicho-de-carneiro –
carrapicho-grande –
Swedish
gullfrö –
Transcribed Chinese
cang er –

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Note
1	Native	Africa	Northern Africa	Egypt
1	Native	Africa	Northern Africa	Morocco
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Armenia
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Azerbaijan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Georgia
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Anhui Sheng
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Fujian Sheng
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Guangdong Sheng
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Guizhou Sheng
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Hainan Sheng
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Hebei Sheng
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Heilongjiang Sheng
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Henan Sheng
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Hubei Sheng
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Hunan Sheng
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Jiangsu Sheng
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Jiangxi Sheng
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Jilin Sheng
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Liaoning Sheng
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Nei Mongol Zizhiqu
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Ningxia Huizi Zizhiqu
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Qinghai Sheng
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Shaanxi Sheng
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Shandong Sheng
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Shanxi Sheng
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Sichuan Sheng
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Xizang Zizhiqu
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Yunnan Sheng
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Zhejiang Sheng
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Korea
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Taiwan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Kazakhstan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Kyrgyzstan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Tajikistan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Turkmenistan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Uzbekistan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Mongolia	Mongolia
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Russian Far East	Russian Federation	Primorye
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Russian Far East	Russian Federation	Sakhalin
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation-Eastern Siberia	Eastern Siberia
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation-Western Siberia	Western Siberia
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Afghanistan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Egypt	Sinai
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Iran
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Iraq
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Israel
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Jordan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Lebanon
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Syria
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Turkey
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	India
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Russian Federation-European part	European part
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Ukraine	Krym
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Austria
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Czech Republic
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Germany
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Hungary
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Poland
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Slovakia
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Switzerland
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Albania
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Bosnia and Herzegovina
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Bulgaria
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Croatia
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Greece		incl. Crete
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Italy		incl. Sardinia, Sicily
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Montenegro
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	North Macedonia
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Romania
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Serbia
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Slovenia
1	Native	Europe	Southwestern Europe	France		incl. Corsica
1	Native	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Portugal
1	Native	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Spain
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	New Brunswick
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Nova Scotia
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Ontario
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Prince Edward Island
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Québec
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Illinois
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Iowa
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Kansas
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Minnesota
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Missouri
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Nebraska
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	North Dakota
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Oklahoma
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	South Dakota
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Wisconsin
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Connecticut
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Indiana
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Maine	s.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Massachusetts
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Michigan
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New Hampshire
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New Jersey
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New York
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Ohio
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Pennsylvania
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Rhode Island
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Vermont
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	West Virginia
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Baja California (Norte)
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Baja California Sur
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Chihuahua
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Coahuila de Zaragoza
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Durango
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Nuevo León
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	San Luis Potosí
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Sinaloa
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Sonora
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Tamaulipas
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Zacatecas
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Colorado
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Idaho
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Montana
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Oregon
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Washington
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Wyoming
1	Native	Northern America	South-Central U.S.A.	United States	New Mexico
1	Native	Northern America	South-Central U.S.A.	United States	Texas
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Alabama
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Arkansas
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Delaware
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	District of Columbia
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Florida
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Georgia
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Kentucky
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Louisiana
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Maryland
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Mississippi
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	North Carolina
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	South Carolina
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Tennessee
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Virginia
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Aguascalientes
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Chiapas
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Ciudad de México
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Colima
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Guanajuato
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Guerrero
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Hidalgo
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Jalisco
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	México
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Michoacán de Ocampo
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Morelos
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Nayarit
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Oaxaca
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Puebla
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Querétaro
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Yucatán
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Arizona
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	California
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Nevada
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Utah
1	Native	Northern America	Subarctic America	United States	Alaska
1	Native	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	Alberta
1	Native	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	British Columbia
1	Native	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	Manitoba
1	Native	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	Saskatchewan
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	Venezuela
4	Naturalized	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Kenya
4	Naturalized	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Tanzania
4	Naturalized	Africa	Macaronesia	Portugal	Azores
4	Naturalized	Africa	Macaronesia	Portugal	Madeira Islands
4	Naturalized	Africa	Macaronesia	Spain	Canary Islands
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Eritrea
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Ethiopia
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Somalia
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Sudan
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northern Africa	Algeria
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northern Africa	Egypt
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northern Africa	Morocco
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northern Africa	Tunisia
4	Naturalized	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Mozambique
4	Naturalized	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Zimbabwe
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	Botswana
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	Eswatini
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	Lesotho
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	South Africa
4	Naturalized	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Nigeria
4	Naturalized	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Mauritius
4	Naturalized	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Reunion
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Arabian Peninsula	Yemen
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Armenia
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Georgia
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia	Ciscaucasia
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Israel
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Turkey
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Nepal
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Thailand
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Philippines
4	Naturalized	Australasia	Australia	Australia
4	Naturalized	Australasia	New Zealand	New Zealand
4	Naturalized	Europe	Eastern Europe	Belarus
4	Naturalized	Europe	Eastern Europe	Estonia
4	Naturalized	Europe	Eastern Europe	Latvia
4	Naturalized	Europe	Eastern Europe	Lithuania
4	Naturalized	Europe	Eastern Europe	Moldova
4	Naturalized	Europe	Eastern Europe	Russian Federation-European part	European part
4	Naturalized	Europe	Eastern Europe	Ukraine		incl. Krym
4	Naturalized	Europe	Middle Europe	Austria
4	Naturalized	Europe	Middle Europe	Belgium
4	Naturalized	Europe	Middle Europe	Czech Republic
4	Naturalized	Europe	Middle Europe	Germany
4	Naturalized	Europe	Middle Europe	Hungary
4	Naturalized	Europe	Middle Europe	Netherlands
4	Naturalized	Europe	Middle Europe	Poland
4	Naturalized	Europe	Middle Europe	Slovakia
4	Naturalized	Europe	Middle Europe	Switzerland
4	Naturalized	Europe	Northern Europe	United Kingdom
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Albania
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Bosnia and Herzegovina
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Bulgaria
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Croatia
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Greece		incl. Crete
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Italy		incl. Sardinia, Sicily
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Montenegro
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	North Macedonia
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Romania
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Serbia
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Slovenia
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Portugal
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Spain		incl. Baleares
4	Naturalized	Pacific	North-Central Pacific	United States	Hawaii
4	Naturalized	Pacific	North-Central Pacific	United States	United States Minor Outlying Islands
4	Naturalized	Pacific	South-Central Pacific	French Polynesia
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Fiji
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	New Caledonia
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Anguilla
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Antigua and Barbuda	Antigua
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Bahamas
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Cuba
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Dominica
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Hispaniola
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Martinique
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	St. Kitts and Nevis	Nevis
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	United States	Puerto Rico
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	United States	Virgin Islands, U.S.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Virgin Islands (British)	Tortola
6	Other					exact native range obscure

Native
Africa

NORTHERN AFRICA: Egypt, Morocco

Asia-Temperate

WESTERN ASIA: Afghanistan, Egypt [Sinai], Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey
CAUCASUS: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia
SIBERIA: Russian Federation-Western Siberia [Western Siberia], Russian Federation-Eastern Siberia [Eastern Siberia]
MIDDLE ASIA: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
MONGOLIA: Mongolia
RUSSIAN FAR EAST: Russian Federation [Primorye, Sakhalin]
CHINA: China [Anhui Sheng, Zhejiang Sheng, Fujian Sheng, Heilongjiang Sheng, Henan Sheng, Hebei Sheng, Hunan Sheng, Hubei Sheng, Jiangxi Sheng, Jiangsu Sheng, Jilin Sheng, Guangdong Sheng, Guizhou Sheng, Liaoning Sheng, Shanxi Sheng, Shandong Sheng, Shaanxi Sheng, Sichuan Sheng, Qinghai Sheng, Yunnan Sheng, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu, Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu, Ningxia Huizi Zizhiqu, Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu, Xizang Zizhiqu, Hainan Sheng]
EASTERN ASIA: Korea, Japan, Taiwan

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India

Europe

MIDDLE EUROPE: Austria, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia
EASTERN EUROPE: Russian Federation-European part [European part], Ukraine [Krym]
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece (incl. Crete), Croatia, Italy (incl. Sardinia, Sicily), North Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain, France (incl. Corsica), Portugal

Northern America

SUBARCTIC AMERICA: United States [Alaska]
EASTERN CANADA: Canada [Québec, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick]
WESTERN CANADA: Canada [Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba, British Columbia]
NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Connecticut, Indiana, Maine (s.), Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia]
NORTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin]
NORTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming]
SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, District of Columbia]
SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [New Mexico, Texas]
SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah]
NORTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Baja California (Norte), Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Coahuila de Zaragoza, Durango, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas]
SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Ciudad de México, Colima, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán de Ocampo, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, Yucatán]

Southern America

NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Venezuela

Naturalized
Africa

MACARONESIA: Spain [Canary Islands], Portugal [Azores, Madeira Islands]
NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia
NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia
EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Kenya, Tanzania
WEST TROPICAL AFRICA: Nigeria
SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Mozambique, Zimbabwe
SOUTHERN AFRICA: Botswana, Lesotho, Eswatini, South Africa
WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Mauritius, Reunion

Asia-Temperate

ARABIAN PENINSULA: Yemen
WESTERN ASIA: Israel, Turkey
CAUCASUS: Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia [Ciscaucasia], Armenia, Georgia

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: Nepal
INDO-CHINA: Thailand
MALESIA: Philippines

Australasia

AUSTRALIA: Australia
NEW ZEALAND: New Zealand

Europe

NORTHERN EUROPE: United Kingdom
MIDDLE EUROPE: Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia
EASTERN EUROPE: Russian Federation-European part [European part], Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Moldova, Ukraine (incl. Krym)
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece (incl. Crete), Croatia, Italy (incl. Sardinia, Sicily), North Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain (incl. Baleares), Portugal

Pacific

NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: United States [Hawaii, United States Minor Outlying Islands]
SOUTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: French Polynesia
SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Fiji, New Caledonia

Southern America

CARIBBEAN: Hispaniola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda [Antigua], Bahamas, Cuba, Dominica, St. Kitts and Nevis [Nevis], Martinique, United States [Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, U.S.], Virgin Islands (British) [Tortola]

Other (exact native range obscure)

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Note	Reference
Medicines	folklore	fide Healing Pl India, as Xanthium indicum	Parrotta, J. A. 2001. Healing plants of peninsular India CABI International, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
Vertebrate poisons	mammals		Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. Note: poisonous
Vertebrate poisons	mammals		Pammel, L. H. 1911. Manual of poisonous plants. Note: poisonous
Vertebrate poisons	mammals		Kellerman, T. S. et al. 1988. Plant poisonings and mycotoxicoses of livestock in Southern Africa Note: poisonous
Vertebrate poisons	mammals		Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson. 1998. Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning Note: poisonous
Vertebrate poisons	mammals		BernhardSmith, A. 1923. Poisonous plants of all countries, 2nd ed. Note: poisonous
Weed	potential seed contaminant	fide Econ Pl Aust, as Xanthium orientale; Invasive Pl Spec; Weeds SAfr 2001	Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds