Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare GRIN-Global

Taxon: Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare

Summary

Genus:

Hordeum

Subgenus:

Hordeum

Section:

Hordeum

Family:

Poaceae (alt. Gramineae)

Subfamily:

Pooideae

Tribe:

Triticeae

Subtribe:

Hordeinae

Nomen number:

19333

Verified:

05/29/1992 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

0 (0 active, 0 available) in National Plant Germplasm System.

Other conspecific taxa

Hordeum vulgare L. (34 active accession[s])
Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. spontaneum (K. Koch) Thell. (0 active accession[s])

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

Basionym

Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. intermedium Körn., nom. nud.

Homotypic Synonym(s)

Hordeum vulgare L. var. vulgare

Heterotypic Synonym(s)


Hordeum agriocrithon A. E. Åberg
Hordeum agriocrithon A. E. Åberg var. dawoense A. E. Åberg
Hordeum coeleste Viborg ex Kunth var. trifurcatum Schltdl.
Hordeum deficiens Steud. ex A. Braun
Hordeum deficiens Steud. ex A. Braun var. nudideficians (Körn.) H. V. Harlan
Hordeum deficiens Steud. ex A. Braun var. steudelii (Körn.) H. V. Harlan
Hordeum deficiens Steud. ex A. Braun var. tridax (Körn.) H. V. Harlan
Hordeum distichon L.
Hordeum distichon L. var. abyssinicum Ser.
Hordeum distichon L. var. erectum Schübl.
Hordeum distichon L. var. ianthinum Körn.
Hordeum distichon L. var. nigricans Ser.
Hordeum distichon L. var. nudum L.
Hordeum distichon L. var. nutans Schübl.
Hordeum distichon L. var. nudideficiens Körn.
Hordeum distichon L. var. palmella H. V. Harlan
Hordeum distichon L. var. persicum Körn.
Hordeum distichon L. var. tridax Körn.
Hordeum hexastichon L.
Hordeum ×intermedium (Körn.) Carleton
Hordeum ×intermedium (Körn.) Carleton var. cornutum (Schrad.) H. V. Harlan
Hordeum ×intermedium (Körn.) Carleton var. haxtonii Körn.
Hordeum ×intermedium (Körn.) Carleton var. mortonii Körn.
Hordeum ×intermedium (Körn.) Carleton var. nudihaxtonii Körn.
Hordeum polystichon Haller f.
Hordeum polystichon Haller f. var. trifurcatum (Schltdl.) Asch. & Graebn.
Hordeum tetrastichum Stokes
Hordeum tetrastichum Stokes var. aethiops ined.?
Hordeum vulgare L. var. aethiops Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. afghanicum Vavilov ex N. A. Ivanova
Hordeum vulgare L. var. coeleste L.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. coerulescens Ser.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. cornutum Schrad.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. deficiens (Steud. ex A. Braun) Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. duplinigrum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. himalayense (Schult.) Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. horsfordianum Wittm.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. leiorrhynchum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nigricans (Ser.) Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nigrum (Willd.) Peterm.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. pallidum Ser.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. steudelii Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. tetrastichon Čelak.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. trifurcatum (Schltdl.) Alef.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. violaceum Körn., nom. nud.
Hordeum zeocriton L.
Hordeum aegiceras Lindl.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum Spenn.
Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. deficiens (Steud. ex A. Braun) Á. Löve
Hordeum sativum Jess.
Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. interjectum Flaksb.
Hordeum irregulare A. E. Åberg & Wiebe
Hordeum pyramidatum R. E. Regel
Hordeum vulgare L. var. rikotense R. E. Regel
Hordeum vulgare L. var. distichon (L.) Hook. f.
Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. distichon (L.) Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. abergii Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. abyssinicum (Ser.) Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. addisabebae Vavilov & Orlov ex Lukyanova et al.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. aethiopicum Vavilov & Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. africanum Vavilov ex Lukyanova et al.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. amaricum Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. angustispicatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. angustissimum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. ankoberense Vavilov & Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. anomalum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. asiaticoides Mansf.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. asiaticum Vavilov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. asmaricum Orlov ex Lukyanova et al.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. atratum Vavilov & Orlov ex Lukyanova et al.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. atricornutum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. atrispicatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. atroviolaceum Mansf.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. atterbergianum R. E. Regel
Hordeum vulgare L. var. atterbergii Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. axumicum Vavilov & Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. bactrianum Vavilov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. brachyantherum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. braunii Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. breve Alef.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. breviaristatum Vavilov & Orlov ex Lukyanova et al.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. brevisetum R. E. Regel
Hordeum vulgare L. var. brevispicatum Vavilov & Orlov ex Lukyanova et al.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. chinense Vavilov & Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. chungense A. E. Åberg
Hordeum vulgare L. var. compactum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. compositum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. contractum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. copticum Vavilov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. cornutiforme A. E. Åberg
Hordeum vulgare L. var. crispicapillum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. crispum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. cucullatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. curylepis Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. decorticatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. decussatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. densum Ser.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. djimmaicum Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. dubium Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. dundar Zhuk.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. duplialbum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. dupliatrum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. erectum J. L. Rode ex Schübl.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. erythreictum Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. euryhypatherum Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. freislebenii Mansf.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. glabriasiaticum Vavilov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. glabribrevisetum Vavilov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. glabricoeleste Vavilov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. glabriparallelum Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. glabriviride Trofim.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. gobicum Vavilov & Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. gracilius Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. gustafssonii Mansf.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. gymnanomalun Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. gymnocrithum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. gymnospermum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. haxtoni Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. heterolepis Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. hochstetteri Mansf.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. hybernum Viborg
Hordeum vulgare L. var. inerme Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. janthinun Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. koernickei Mansf.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. krausianum Wittm.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. lamarum A. E. Åberg
Hordeum vulgare L. var. latiglumatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. latispicatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. leioheterolepis Vavilov ex Lukyanova et al.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. leiomacrolepis R. E. Regel
Hordeum vulgare L. var. macrolepis (A. Br.) Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. medicum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. melanocrithum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. meneliki Vavilov ex Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. mortoni Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. multispiculum Mansf.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. neogenes Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nigripallidum R. E. Regel
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nigriscens Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nigritonsum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudideficiens Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudidubium Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudifurcatum R. E. Regel
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudihaxtoni Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudipyramidatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nuditonsum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nuditransiens Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nutans (Schübl.) Alef.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nutans-pallidum Trofim. & Lukyanova
Hordeum vulgare L. var. parallelum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. pavonicum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. persicum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. platylepis Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. pseudoabyssinicum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. pseudotrifurcatum Langst.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. pyramidatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. recens Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. rehmii Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. revelatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. rimpaui Wittm.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. rosii Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. schimperianum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. seringei Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. sikangense Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subaethiops Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subatterbergii Körn.
Hordeum distichon L. var. subcompositum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subcornutum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subdecussatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subduplialbum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subdupliatrum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subeurylepis Mansf.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subhaxtoni Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subinerme Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. sublatiglumatum Vavilov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. sublaxum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subnudipyramidatum Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subviolaceum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. thomaei Mansf.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. tibetanoides Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. tonsum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. tortile (Robert) Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. transiens Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. triangulare Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. triceros Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. tridax Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. viridihaxtoni Mansf.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. viridis Vavilov & Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. zeocrithon (L.) Alef.
Hordeum polystichon Haller f. var. polystichon
Hordeum agriocrithon A. E. Åberg var. agriocrithon
Hordeum deficiens Steud. ex A. Braun var. deficiens
Hordeum distichon L. var. distichon
Hordeum ×intermedium (Körn.) Carleton var. intermedium

No images

Reference(s)

Bothmer, R. von & N. Jacobsen. 1985. Origin, taxonomy, and related species. In D. C. Rasmusson, ed., Barley. Agronomy 26:29.
Brassac, J. & F. R. Blattner. 2015. Species-level phylogeny and polyploid relationships in Hordeum (Poaceae) inferred by next-generation sequencing and In Silico cloning of multiple nuclear loci. Syst. Biol. 64:792-808. Note: this study included subsp. spontaneum
Doebley, J. et al. 1992. Chloroplast DNA variation and the phylogeny of Hordeum (Poaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 79:576-584. URL: http://www.amjbot.org
Englert, J. M. et al. 1999-. USDA-NRCS Improved conservation plant materials released by NRCS and cooperators
FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America. URL: http://floranorthamerica.org/
Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6 URL: http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:3:2422827336895397#
Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada.
Koyama, T. 1987. Grasses of Japan and its neighboring regions
Löve, Á. 1984. Conspectus of the Triticeae. Feddes Repert. 95:435. URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291522-239Xb/issues
Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource). URL: http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Frontpage.html
Pourkkheirandish, M. & T. Komatsuda. 2007. The importance of barley genetics and domestication in a global perspective. Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 100:999-1008. URL: http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/by/year
Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
Rehm, S. & G. Espig. 1991. The cultivated plants of the tropics and subtropics
Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
University of California Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program. UC SAREP on-line cover crop database (on-line resource). URL: http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/
USDA Agricultural Research Service: Sustainable Biofuel and Co-products Research Unit. 2010. Economic competitiveness of renewable fuelds derived from grains and related biomass. Note: re. potential use as fuel substitute
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). URL: http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2

Common names

English
barley –
French
orge –
orge vulgaire –
German
Gerste –
Saatgerste –
Italian
orzo –
Japanese Rōmaji
ō-mugi –
Portuguese
cevada –
Spanish
cebada –
Transcribed Chinese
da mai –
Transliterated Greek
krithe –

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Note
2	Cultivated	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Kenya
2	Cultivated	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Tanzania
2	Cultivated	Africa	Macaronesia	Portugal	Azores
2	Cultivated	Africa	Macaronesia	Portugal	Madeira Islands
2	Cultivated	Africa	Macaronesia	Spain	Canary Islands
2	Cultivated	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Eritrea
2	Cultivated	Africa	Northern Africa	Algeria
2	Cultivated	Africa	Northern Africa	Egypt
2	Cultivated	Africa	Northern Africa	Libya
2	Cultivated	Africa	Northern Africa	Morocco
2	Cultivated	Africa	Northern Africa	Tunisia
2	Cultivated	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Zambia
2	Cultivated	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Zimbabwe
2	Cultivated	Africa	Southern Africa	South Africa
2	Cultivated	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Mauritania
2	Cultivated	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Nigeria		n.
2	Cultivated	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Democratic Republic of the Congo
2	Cultivated	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Madagascar
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Arabian Peninsula	Bahrain
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Arabian Peninsula	Saudi Arabia
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Arabian Peninsula	Yemen
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Armenia
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Azerbaijan
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Georgia
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia	Ciscaucasia
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	China	China
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Kazakhstan
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Kyrgyzstan
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Tajikistan
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Turkmenistan
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Uzbekistan
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Mongolia	Mongolia
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Russian Far East	Russian Federation-Far East	Far East
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation-Eastern Siberia	Eastern Siberia
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation-Western Siberia	Western Siberia
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Afghanistan
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Cyprus
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Iran
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Iraq
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Israel
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Jordan
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Lebanon
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Syria
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Turkey
2	Cultivated	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Bhutan
2	Cultivated	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	India
2	Cultivated	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Nepal
2	Cultivated	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Pakistan
2	Cultivated	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Myanmar		c.
2	Cultivated	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Thailand
2	Cultivated	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Indonesia	Jawa	e.
2	Cultivated	Europe	Eastern Europe	Moldova
2	Cultivated	Europe	Eastern Europe	Russian Federation-European part	European part
2	Cultivated	Europe	Eastern Europe	Ukraine
2	Cultivated	Europe	Middle Europe	Austria
2	Cultivated	Europe	Middle Europe	Czech Republic
2	Cultivated	Europe	Middle Europe	Germany
2	Cultivated	Europe	Middle Europe	Hungary
2	Cultivated	Europe	Middle Europe	Netherlands
2	Cultivated	Europe	Middle Europe	Poland
2	Cultivated	Europe	Middle Europe	Slovakia
2	Cultivated	Europe	Middle Europe	Switzerland
2	Cultivated	Europe	Northern Europe	Denmark
2	Cultivated	Europe	Northern Europe	Finland
2	Cultivated	Europe	Northern Europe	Iceland
2	Cultivated	Europe	Northern Europe	Norway
2	Cultivated	Europe	Northern Europe	Sweden
2	Cultivated	Europe	Northern Europe	United Kingdom
2	Cultivated	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Albania
2	Cultivated	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Croatia
2	Cultivated	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Italy		incl. Sardinia
2	Cultivated	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Romania
2	Cultivated	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Serbia
2	Cultivated	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Slovenia
2	Cultivated	Europe	Southwestern Europe	France		incl. Corsica
2	Cultivated	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Portugal
2	Cultivated	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Spain		incl. Baleares
2	Cultivated	Northern America		Canada
2	Cultivated	Northern America		Mexico
2	Cultivated	Northern America		United States
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Central America	El Salvador
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Central America	Guatemala
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Central America	Honduras
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Southern South America	Argentina
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Southern South America	Chile
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Southern South America	Uruguay
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Western South America	Bolivia
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Western South America	Peru

Cultivated
Africa

MACARONESIA: Spain [Canary Islands], Portugal [Azores, Madeira Islands]
NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Eritrea
EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Kenya, Tanzania
WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA: Democratic Republic of the Congo
WEST TROPICAL AFRICA: Mauritania, Nigeria (n.)
SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Zambia, Zimbabwe
SOUTHERN AFRICA: South Africa
WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Madagascar

Asia-Temperate

ARABIAN PENINSULA: Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Yemen
WESTERN ASIA: Afghanistan, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey
CAUCASUS: Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia [Ciscaucasia], Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia
SIBERIA: Russian Federation-Western Siberia [Western Siberia], Russian Federation-Eastern Siberia [Eastern Siberia]
MIDDLE ASIA: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
MONGOLIA: Mongolia
RUSSIAN FAR EAST: Russian Federation-Far East [Far East]
CHINA: China
EASTERN ASIA: Japan

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan
INDO-CHINA: Myanmar (c.), Thailand
MALESIA: Indonesia [Jawa (e.)]

Europe

NORTHERN EUROPE: Denmark, Finland, United Kingdom, Iceland, Norway, Sweden
MIDDLE EUROPE: Austria, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia
EASTERN EUROPE: Russian Federation-European part [European part], Moldova, Ukraine
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Albania, Croatia, Italy (incl. Sardinia), Romania, Serbia, Slovenia
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain (incl. Baleares), France (incl. Corsica), Portugal

Northern America

REGION: Canada, Mexico, United States

Southern America

CENTRAL AMERICA: Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador
BRAZIL: Brazil
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru
SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Chile, Uruguay

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Note	Reference
Animal food	fodder		Rehm, S. & G. Espig. 1991. The cultivated plants of the tropics and subtropics
Environmental	soil improver		University of California Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program. UC SAREP on-line cover crop database (on-line resource). URL: http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/
Fuels	potential as petroleum substitute/alcohol	fide http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=409037,	USDA Agricultural Research Service: Sustainable Biofuel and Co-products Research Unit. 2010. Economic competitiveness of renewable fuelds derived from grains and related biomass. Note: re. potential use as fuel substitute
Human food	beverage base		Bothmer, R. von & N. Jacobsen. 1985. Origin, taxonomy, and related species. In D. C. Rasmusson, ed., Barley. Agronomy 26:29.
Human food	cereal		Bothmer, R. von & N. Jacobsen. 1985. Origin, taxonomy, and related species. In D. C. Rasmusson, ed., Barley. Agronomy 26:29.
Vertebrate poisons	mammals	to livestock when infected with certain fungi	Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada.